Difference between revisions of "Semantic Sandbox"

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== Introduction ==
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<div class="header-banner header-banner-country-portal">
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<center>[[File:Header_Portal_Mozambique.svg|800px|link=]]</center>
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= '''Mozambique''' =
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= Off grid Knowledge Hub =
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<svgmap width="100%" color="#79d248" mark="mz" mark-color="#ffc714" flag="true" flag-size=""></svgmap>
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In recent years, innovative financing schemes like [[Fee-For-Service or Pay-As-You-Go Concepts for Photovoltaic Systems|Pay-as-you-go (PAYG)]] have made picoPV products affordable and easily available to the most remote population of the world. This proliferation of picoPV products have further been supported by the increased awareness about the negative effects of kerosene on health, environment and finances.<br/>
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== Country Information - Mozambique ==
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The '''Republic of Mozambique''' is located on the south-eastern coast of Africa and has a surface area of 801,590 square kilometres. It is bordered by South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi, Tanzania, and separated by the Indian Ocean from Madagascar. The country is divided into ten provinces, and a provincial capital city. It is one of the poorest countries in the world, and the 7th poorest in Africa with a GDP per capita of USD 1281 (2019), a total GDP of USD 14.96 billion (2019), and an annual GDP growth of 3.11% (2018).  [[Mozambique- Country Information|Read more...]]
  
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This article explores how the recent boom of picoPV market has affected the traditional kerosene and candle market.
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<div class="width-1-3 box box-green">'''Background'''
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* [[Mozambique- Country Information|Country Profile]]
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* [[Mozambique Electricity Situation|Electricity Situation]]
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*[[Mozambique Renewable Energy Potential|Renewable Energy (RE) Potential]]
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* Energy Access Situation
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</div>
  
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<div class="width-1-3 box box-green">'''Institutional Set-up'''
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* [[Institutional Framework in Mozambique|Institutional Framework]]
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* [[Policy Framework and Energy Access Strategies in Mozambique|Policy Framework & Energy Access Strategies]]
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* Energy Access Programmes
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* Development Actors
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</div>
  
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== Kerosene Market ==
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<div class="width-1-3 box box-green">'''Cross-Cutting Issues'''
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* [[Doing Business in Mozambique]]
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* Humanitarian Energy-Nexus
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* Impact of COVID-19
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</div>
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</div>
  
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[[File:Share of Population without Access to Grid.png|thumb|360px|Figure 1: Share of population without access to grid]] Since mid 19th century, kerosene has been used for lighting purposes all over the world. This situation changed in developed countries with the introduction of electricity in mid 20th century. However, in developing countries, kerosene is still the dominant fuel used for lighting purposes. <ref name="Nicholas L. Lam et al., “Kerosene: A Review of Household Uses and Their Hazards in Low-and Middle-Income Countries,” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part B, Critical Reviews 15, no. 6 (2012): 396–432, doi:10.1080/10937404.2012.710134.">Nicholas L. Lam et al., “Kerosene: A Review of Household Uses and Their Hazards in Low-and Middle-Income Countries,” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part B, Critical Reviews 15, no. 6 (2012): 396–432, doi:10.1080/10937404.2012.710134.</ref><br/>
 
  
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In 2016 1.2 billion people were not connected to the power grid and thus, were dependent on external sources such as candles and kerosene for meeting their lighting needs.&nbsp;'''Similarly, USD 27 billion is spent annually on lighting and mobile phone charging services using kerosene, candles, battery torches or other fossil fuel-powered technologies. <ref name="GOGLA, “Global Off-Grid Solar Market Report Semi-Annual Sales and Impact Data July-December 2016,” n.d., 7, https://www.gogla.org/sites/default/files/recource_docs/final_sales-and-impact-report_h22016_full_public.pdf.">GOGLA, “Global Off-Grid Solar Market Report Semi-Annual Sales and Impact Data July-December 2016,” n.d., 7, https://www.gogla.org/sites/default/files/recource_docs/final_sales-and-impact-report_h22016_full_public.pdf.</ref>The poor households usually pay for lighting services in the range of USD 100 per kilowatt-hour which is more than a 100 times the amount people in rich countries pay.&nbsp;<ref name="UNEP/GEF, United Nations Environment Programme and Global Environment Facility, “Developing Effective Off-Grid Lighting Policy,” 2015, 5, http://www.enlighten-initiative.org/portals/0/documents/Resources/publications/Guidance%20note%20OGL_en.lighten_English_2016-01-08.pdf.">UNEP/GEF, United Nations Environment Programme and Global Environment Facility, “Developing Effective Off-Grid Lighting Policy,” 2015, 5, http://www.enlighten-initiative.org/portals/0/documents/Resources/publications/Guidance%20note%20OGL_en.lighten_English_2016-01-08.pdf.</ref>Households also use approximately 4 to 25 billion liters of kerosene annually for lighting purposes.&nbsp;<ref name="Elizabeth Tedsen, “Black Carbon Emissions from Kerosene Lamps: Potential for a New CCAC Initiative,” 2013, 2, http://www.ccacoalition.org/sites/default/files/resources/black-carbon-and-kerosene-lamps-study.pdf.">Elizabeth Tedsen, “Black Carbon Emissions from Kerosene Lamps: Potential for a New CCAC Initiative,” 2013, 2, http://www.ccacoalition.org/sites/default/files/resources/black-carbon-and-kerosene-lamps-study.pdf.</ref>'''
 
  
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Figure 2 and Figure 3 shows the annual spending on off-grid lighting and phone charging in Africa and Asia respectively. The data shows that kerosene and candles have a huge market presence in African and Asian countries, '''more than 10 billion market in Africa and more than 3 billion market in Asia'''. <ref name="Bloomberg New Energy Finance, Lighting Global, and Global Off-­Grid Lighting Association, “Off-Grid Solar Market Trends Report 2016,” 2016, 4, https://www.energynet.co.uk/webfm_send/1690.">Bloomberg New Energy Finance, Lighting Global, and Global Off-­Grid Lighting Association, “Off-Grid Solar Market Trends Report 2016,” 2016, 4, https://www.energynet.co.uk/webfm_send/1690.</ref>It is important to note that in many countries such as India and Nepal, the government has even subsidized kerosene to make it affordable for the poorest population. For example, in Nigeria, the amount the government spends on kerosene subsidy is more than that for security, critical infrastructure, human capital human capital development, and land and food security combined.<ref> UNEP DTU Partnership, “The Emerging Market for Pico-Scale Solar PV Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa,” n.d., 8, https://www.gogla.org/sites/default/files/recource_docs/market-pico-solar_web.pdf.</ref>The subsidy on kerosene also creates illegal black market as kerosene is often trafficked from countries where it is subsidised to the neighbouring ones where it is not subsidized.<ref name="Lam et al., “Kerosene: A Review of Household Uses and Their Hazards in Low-and Middle-Income Countries.”">Lam et al., “Kerosene: A Review of Household Uses and Their Hazards in Low-and Middle-Income Countries.”</ref>There is also a disparity between the kerosene price in urban and rural areas. The rural population often buys kerosene in small quantity from the local kerosene vendor and pay a higher price than their urban counterparts. &nbsp;Kerosene itself is not easily available and is also influenced by the world oil prices.&nbsp;<ref name="Lighting Africa, “The True Cost of Kerosene in Rural Africa,” n.d., https://www.gogla.org/sites/default/files/recource_docs/kerosene_pricing_lighting_africa_report.pdf.">Lighting Africa, “The True Cost of Kerosene in Rural Africa,” n.d., https://www.gogla.org/sites/default/files/recource_docs/kerosene_pricing_lighting_africa_report.pdf.</ref>
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== Information on RE Technologies for Mozambique ==
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Taking all these factors into consideration, picoPV products have an opportunity to replace kerosene as a lighting fuel as they provide cheaper, brighter and healthier lighting.  
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| [[File:Annual Spending on Off-grid Solutions in Africa.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Figure 2: Annual spending on off-grid lighting and phone charging in Africa in 2014 in USD billion(estimated)]]
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<div class="portal">[[file:icon-solar.svg|150px|link=Portal:Solar|]]<br />[[Mozambique Solar Hub|Solar Home Systems]]</div>
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| [[File:Annual Spending on Off-grid Solutions in Asia.JPG|thumb|300px|Figure 3: Annual spending on off-grid lighting and phone charging in Asia in 2014 in USD billion(estimated)]]
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<div class="portal">[[file:icon-cooking.svg|150px|link=Portal:Cooking|]]<br />[[Mozambique Cooking Energy Hub|Improved Cookstoves]]</div>
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<div class="portal">[[file:icon-mini-grid.svg|100px|link=Portal:Mini-grid|]]<br />[[Mozambique Mini-grid Hub|Mini/Nano grid]]</div>
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<div class="portal">[[file:icon-productive-use.svg|100px|link=Portal:Productive Use|]]<br />Productive Uses of Energy</div>
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== Transition from Kerosene to LED Lamps using Dry-Cell Batteries ==
 
  
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[[File:Types of Lighting Sources and their Performance.png|thumb|right|350px|Figure 4: Types of lightning sources and their performance]] The kerosene and candles market (for lighting) in African context has not only been affected by the penetration of picoPV products but also by the easy availability of low-cost LED lamps using dry-cell batteries. In recent years (after 2008), battery based LED lights have largely penetrated the rural market in many African countries, particularly in West African countries and have replaced kerosene and candles, without any incentives from external government or non-governmental organisations. However, this transition from kerosene and candles to LED lights has largely been unnoticed as the official censuses do not count dry-cell based LED lamps as a lighting option.<ref name="Gunther Bensch, Jörg Peters, and Maximiliane Sievert, “The Lighting Transition in Africa – From Kerosene to LED and the Emerging Dry-Cell Battery Problem,” n.d., 4, http://en.rwi-essen.de/media/content/pages/publikationen/ruhr-economic-papers/rep_15_579.pdf.">Gunther Bensch, Jörg Peters, and Maximiliane Sievert, “The Lighting Transition in Africa – From Kerosene to LED and the Emerging Dry-Cell Battery Problem,” n.d., 4, http://en.rwi-essen.de/media/content/pages/publikationen/ruhr-economic-papers/rep_15_579.pdf.</ref>
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<div class="specials">
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== Highlights ==
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<div class="width-1-2 width-m-1-2 card">[[file:Webinar icon3.svg|50px]] [https://register.gotowebinar.com/register/1648663127925031180 State of Play: Solar home system (SHS) Market in Mozambiques]</div>
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<div class="width-1-2 width-m-1-2 card">[[file:Sample-2.jpg]] [[Portal:Mozambique|Help Manual on how to contribute to the hub]]</div>
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The LED lights have high efficiency and low energy consumption as compared to kerosene or candles. However, the output of the individual LED lamps vary depending on the number of diodes, performance of diodes and dry-cell batteries. Figure 4 shows different types of lighting sources and their performance.<ref name="Gunther Bensch, Jörg Peters, and Maximiliane Sievert, “The Lighting Transition in Africa – From Kerosene to LED and the Emerging Dry-Cell Battery Problem,” n.d., 10, http://en.rwi-essen.de/media/content/pages/publikationen/ruhr-economic-papers/rep_15_579.pdf.">Gunther Bensch, Jörg Peters, and Maximiliane Sievert, “The Lighting Transition in Africa – From Kerosene to LED and the Emerging Dry-Cell Battery Problem,” n.d., 10, http://en.rwi-essen.de/media/content/pages/publikationen/ruhr-economic-papers/rep_15_579.pdf.</ref>
 
  
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LED lights based on dry-cell batteries are increasingly becoming popular and are replacing the kerosene or candle market. Since both picoPV products and LED lamps deliver comparable services, they can be seen as competitors. Therefore, for picoPV products, it is very important to be cost-effective and easily accessible to compete with LED lamps that have low cost and are low maintenance.
 
  
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== Impact of PicoPV Market Development on the Kerosene Market ==
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== Mozambique Off-grid Practitioners Group ==
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Initially the picoPV market in developing countries mainly involved donor and government supported programs. This scenario is however changing as it is moving towards more market driven approach and is supported by factors such as:
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<div class="width-1-2">{{Mozambique Group}}</div>
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<div class="width-1-2">[[File:Ask_a_question.svg|link=|alt=|center|150x150px]]<div class="button-link" style="display: inline-block">[[Group talk:Mozambique Off-grid Practitioners Group|Ask a question]]</div>[[File:Moz_Group.svg|link=|alt=|center|150x150px]]<br/>
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<div class="button-link" style="display: inline-block">[[Group:Mozambique Off-grid Practitioners Group|Join the Mozambique Off-grid Practitioners Group]]</div>
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</div>
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</div>
  
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*increasing oil and kerosene prices which has created a demand for alternative and lower cost lighting options;
 
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*improvement in the technology and efficiency of the solar panels;
 
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*emergence of new and innovative business models for financings solar products;
 
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*and finally a global certification scheme for ensuring the quality of pico-solar products being sold.
 
  
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Also, factors such as diffusion of mobile phones and the spread of mobile payment schemes have helped in the proliferation of picoPV products.<ref name="UNEP DTU Partnership, “The Emerging Market for Pico-Scale Solar PV Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa,” https://www.gogla.org/sites/default/files/recource_docs/market-pico-solar_web.pdf."> UNEP DTU Partnership, “The Emerging Market for Pico-Scale Solar PV Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa,” https://www.gogla.org/sites/default/files/recource_docs/market-pico-solar_web.pdf.</ref>
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== Latest Articles on Mozambique ==
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<div class="width-1-3 box">[[Mozambique_Energy_Situation|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor ]]</div>
  
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According to the latest solar products’ sales data from GOGLA, in 2016 about 19 million status quo lighting sources ( includes kerosene lamps, candles, battery torches ) have been replaced by solar products.<ref>GOGLA, “Global Off-Grid Solar Market Report Semi-Annual Sales and Impact Data July-December 2016,” n.d., 8, https://www.gogla.org/sites/default/files/recource_docs/final_sales-and-impact-report_h22016_full_public.pdf.</ref>
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<div class="width-1-3 box">[[Mozambique_Energy_Situation|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr]]</div>
  
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Figure 5 shows the number of traditional lighting sources that have been replaced by picoPV products. From the figure, we can see that the picoPV products between the range of 0-1.5 Wp are the most popular alternative to traditional sources followed by the 1.5-3 Wp products.<ref name="GOGLA, “Global Off-Grid Solar Market Report Semi-Annual Sales and Impact Data July-December 2016,” n.d., 8, https://www.gogla.org/sites/default/files/recource_docs/final_sales-and-impact-report_h22016_full_public.pdf."> GOGLA, “Global Off-Grid Solar Market Report Semi-Annual Sales and Impact Data July-December 2016,” n.d., 8, https://www.gogla.org/sites/default/files/recource_docs/final_sales-and-impact-report_h22016_full_public.pdf.</ref> [[File:Number of Status Quo Lighting Sources no Longer in Use.JPG|thumb|left|500px|Figure 6: Number of picoPV products that replaced the status quo lighting sources]]
 
  
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= References =
 
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<references />
 
  
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[[Category:Energypedia]]
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== Funding ==
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<div class="width-1-2 box" style="background: none; ">[[file:logo-giz.png|280px|link=https://giz.de/en]] </div>
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<div class="width-1-2 box" style="background: none; ">[[File:EnDev-Logo NEW.PNG|240px|link=https://endev.info]]</div>
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This portal is funded and developed in collaboration with the GIZ programmes Green People’s Energy for Africa and Energising Development Mozambique to enhance knowledge exchange and sharing among the Mozambican energy practitioners.
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== Offers == <!-- Keep this for screenreaders -->
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<div class="box offers">{{MozBoxnews}}</div>
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<div class="box offers">{{Boxpublications}}</div>
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<div class="box offers">{{Boxcompanies}}</div>
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{{Connect_with_us}}
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Latest revision as of 18:38, 12 September 2021

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Mozambique

Off grid Knowledge Hub

Simple World Map - Author: Al MacDonald Editor: Fritz Lekschas License: CC BY-SA 3.0 ID: ISO 3166-1 or "_[a-zA-Z]" if an ISO code is not available
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Country Information - Mozambique

The Republic of Mozambique is located on the south-eastern coast of Africa and has a surface area of 801,590 square kilometres. It is bordered by South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi, Tanzania, and separated by the Indian Ocean from Madagascar. The country is divided into ten provinces, and a provincial capital city. It is one of the poorest countries in the world, and the 7th poorest in Africa with a GDP per capita of USD 1281 (2019), a total GDP of USD 14.96 billion (2019), and an annual GDP growth of 3.11% (2018). Read more...

Background
Institutional Set-up
Cross-Cutting Issues


Information on RE Technologies for Mozambique

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Solar Home Systems
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Improved Cookstoves
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Mini/Nano grid
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Productive Uses of Energy


Highlights

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State of Play: Solar home system (SHS) Market in Mozambiques
Sample-2.jpg Help Manual on how to contribute to the hub


Mozambique Off-grid Practitioners Group

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Ask a question
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Join the Mozambique Off-grid Practitioners Group


Latest Articles on Mozambique

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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr



Funding

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This portal is funded and developed in collaboration with the GIZ programmes Green People’s Energy for Africa and Energising Development Mozambique to enhance knowledge exchange and sharing among the Mozambican energy practitioners.


Offers

Sector News

add Add News segment All News

Publications

add Add Publication segment All Publications

Companies

add Add Company segment All Companies
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