Water Use in Agriculture - Revision history

Ranisha at 10:44, 20 November 2020

2020-11-20T10:44:58Z

Ranisha at 14:00, 14 August 2020

2020-08-14T14:00:06Z

Ranisha at 13:46, 14 August 2020

2020-08-14T13:46:27Z

Ranisha at 13:22, 14 August 2020

2020-08-14T13:22:06Z

Ranisha at 12:01, 13 August 2020

2020-08-13T12:01:48Z

Ranisha: /* Irrigation Efficiency Tips */

2020-08-11T14:40:34Z

Irrigation Efficiency Tips

Ranisha at 14:15, 11 August 2020

2020-08-11T14:15:33Z

Ranisha: /* Understanding the Local Water Resources */

2020-08-11T14:12:04Z

Understanding the Local Water Resources

Ranisha: /* Understanding Groundwater */

2020-07-21T20:02:37Z

Understanding Groundwater

Ranisha at 20:00, 21 July 2020

2020-07-21T20:00:58Z

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 === <span style="color:#00A3AD">Pump Sizing Tool</span><br/> ===
-Once crop and livestock water requirements are known, this tool allows calculating the pumping head and determining the most suitable pumping technology. It further calculates the energetic requirements and thus, the size of the solar panel required to power the pumping system. Input variables are pipeline diameter and length, amount and type of connectors, sustainable extraction rate, and expected water source yield, among others. This makes clear how important it is to thoroughly understand the water resources. '''<span class="link3">[[Media:DESIGN - Pump Sizing Tool.xlsm|Read more…]]</span>'''<br/>
+Once crop and livestock water requirements are known, this tool allows calculating the pumping head and determining the most suitable pumping technology. It further calculates the energetic requirements and thus, the size of the solar panel required to power the pumping system. Input variables are pipeline diameter and length, amount and type of connectors, sustainable extraction rate, and expected water source yield, among others. This makes clear how important it is to thoroughly understand the water resources. '''<span class="link3">[[Media:DESIGN_-_Pump_Sizing_Tool_1.xlsm|Read more…]]</span>'''<br/>
 == <span style="color:#00A3AD">Water Risk Filter Tool</span><br/> ==
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 <references /><br/>
 [[Category:Water-Energy-Food_Nexus]]

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 === <span style="color:#00A3AD">Soil Tool</span><br/> ===
-Determining agriculture water needs requires knowledge about the soil structure. Knowing the percentage of the different particle sizes (sand, silt and clay) allows knowing more about some relevant soil characteristics: particle size distributions provide information about the water-holding capacity, the ability to store plant nutrients, aeration, organic matter levels, internal drainage, compactability, susceptibility to wind and water erosion, pollutant leaching and many more. This excel-based tool includes a simple soil texture calculator which allows determining the percolation rates and derive optimal irrigation scheduling for a selected crop. By introducing the respective percentages of different particle sizes it can estimate the net and gross irrigation depth, the irrigation water need, the number of irrigation applications and the irrigation interval in days. This again is useful for calculating the water storage tank size. '''<span class="link3">[[:File:IRRIGATE – Soil Tool.xlsx|Read more…]]</span>'''<br/>
+Determining agriculture water needs requires knowledge about the soil structure. Knowing the percentage of the different particle sizes (sand, silt and clay) allows knowing more about some relevant soil characteristics: particle size distributions provide information about the water-holding capacity, the ability to store plant nutrients, aeration, organic matter levels, internal drainage, compactability, susceptibility to wind and water erosion, pollutant leaching and many more. This excel-based tool includes a simple soil texture calculator which allows determining the percolation rates and derive optimal irrigation scheduling for a selected crop. By introducing the respective percentages of different particle sizes it can estimate the net and gross irrigation depth, the irrigation water need, the number of irrigation applications and the irrigation interval in days. This again is useful for calculating the water storage tank size. '''<span class="link3">[[Media:IRRIGATE - Soil Tool.xlsm|Read more…]]</span>'''<br/>
 === <span style="color:#00A3AD">Pump Sizing Tool</span><br/> ===
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 <references /><br/>
 [[Category:Sustainability]]

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 === <span style="color:#00A3AD">Pump Sizing Tool</span><br/> ===
-Once crop and livestock water requirements are known, this tool allows calculating the pumping head and determining the most suitable pumping technology. It further calculates the energetic requirements and thus, the size of the solar panel required to power the pumping system. Input variables are pipeline diameter and length, amount and type of connectors, sustainable extraction rate, and expected water source yield, among others. This makes clear how important it is to thoroughly understand the water resources. '''<span class="link3">[[:File:DESIGN – Pump Sizing Tool.xlsx|Read more…]]</span>'''<br/>
+Once crop and livestock water requirements are known, this tool allows calculating the pumping head and determining the most suitable pumping technology. It further calculates the energetic requirements and thus, the size of the solar panel required to power the pumping system. Input variables are pipeline diameter and length, amount and type of connectors, sustainable extraction rate, and expected water source yield, among others. This makes clear how important it is to thoroughly understand the water resources. '''<span class="link3">[[Media:DESIGN - Pump Sizing Tool.xlsm|Read more…]]</span>'''<br/>
 == <span style="color:#00A3AD">Water Risk Filter Tool</span><br/> ==
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 <references /><br/>
 [[Category:Water-Energy-Food_Nexus]]

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 == <span style="color:#00A3AD">Sustainable Water Resource Management</span><br/> ==
-<span class="link3">Appropriate '''water resource management strategies''' allow for the conservation of water and energy while increasing production. These include for example irrigation scheduling or crop specific irrigation management, which can be done by using tools like the [https://energypedia.info/images/4/48/SAFEGUARD_WATER_–_Water_Requirement_Tool.xlsx Water Requirement Tool] or the [https://energypedia.info/images/7/79/IRRIGATE_–_Soil_Tool.xlsx Soil Tool]&nbsp;available on the [[Toolbox on SPIS|SPIS Toolbox]]&nbsp;on Solar Water Irrigation Systems. By using renewable energy for water pumping, farmers can reduce their costs significantly while using climate friendly technologies. However, there are arguments against the utilisation of solar powered irrigation systems concerning '''groundwater over-exploitation'''. Several parameters should be evaluated before starting any project concept, including water quality and quantity, recharge capacity, composition of the geological substrata, rainfall patterns, evapotranspiration and runoff, topography and land use mapping. In order to provide an efficient irrigation system, crop water requirements and water source characteristics should be known thoroughly before configuration. '''<span class="link3">[[Do Solar Powered Irrigation Systems (SPIS) Contribute to the Overexploitation of Groundwater Reserves|Read more…]]</span>'''
+<span class="link3">Appropriate '''water resource management strategies''' allow for the conservation of water and energy while increasing production. These include for example irrigation scheduling or crop specific irrigation management, which can be done by using tools like the [[Media:SAFEGUARD WATER - Water Requirement Tool.xlsm| Water Requirement Tool]] or the [https://energypedia.info/images/7/79/IRRIGATE_–_Soil_Tool.xlsx Soil Tool]&nbsp;available on the [[Toolbox on SPIS|SPIS Toolbox]]&nbsp;on Solar Water Irrigation Systems. By using renewable energy for water pumping, farmers can reduce their costs significantly while using climate friendly technologies. However, there are arguments against the utilisation of solar powered irrigation systems concerning '''groundwater over-exploitation'''. Several parameters should be evaluated before starting any project concept, including water quality and quantity, recharge capacity, composition of the geological substrata, rainfall patterns, evapotranspiration and runoff, topography and land use mapping. In order to provide an efficient irrigation system, crop water requirements and water source characteristics should be known thoroughly before configuration. '''<span class="link3">[[Do Solar Powered Irrigation Systems (SPIS) Contribute to the Overexploitation of Groundwater Reserves|Read more…]]</span>'''
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 === <span style="color:#00A3AD">Water Requirement Tool</span><br/> ===
-This tool serves to calculate the water requirement for crops and livestock according to geographic position and rainfall patterns at the location. After entering all data about cultivation area of each crop, number of livestock head, main soil properties and rainfall and temperature patterns, it provides a summary compiling the main water requirements throughout the whole year, distinguishing between irrigation and water from rainfall. '''<span class="link3">[[:File:SAFEGUARD WATER – Water Requirement Tool.xlsx|Read more…]]</span>'''<br/>
+This tool serves to calculate the water requirement for crops and livestock according to geographic position and rainfall patterns at the location. After entering all data about cultivation area of each crop, number of livestock head, main soil properties and rainfall and temperature patterns, it provides a summary compiling the main water requirements throughout the whole year, distinguishing between irrigation and water from rainfall. '''<span class="link3">[[Media:SAFEGUARD WATER - Water Requirement Tool.xlsm|Read more…]]</span>'''<br/>
 === <span style="color:#00A3AD">Water Resource Management Checklist</span><br/> ===
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 <references /><br/>
 [[Category:Sustainability]]

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 {{Back to PA portal2}}
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 <references /><br/>
 [[Category:Water-Energy-Food_Nexus]]

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 *&nbsp;'''mapping the optimal placement''' of irrigation piping, which helps fulfilling the soil and crop water requirements;<br/>
-*preservation and integration of'''large trees within the crop area''', which not only provide shade and thus slow down evaporation processes, but also enhance water availability in the crop rooting zone;<br/>
+*preservation and integration of '''large trees within the crop area''', which not only provide shade and thus slow down evaporation processes, but also enhance water availability in the crop rooting zone;<br/>
 *&nbsp;'''soil testing''', in order to determine soil moisture content and field capacity;<br/>
 *'''irrigation scheduling''', based on soil-plant or atmosphere measurements improves yields and decreases water use;<br/>
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 Irrigation efficiency can only be ensured through active and regular monitoring. Any improvement measure should be scrutinized carefully before implementation and baseline information captured. '''<span class="link3">[[SPIS Toolbox - Irrigation Efficiency Tips|Read more…]]</span>'''<br/>
 = <span style="color:#00A3AD">Publications & Tools</span><br/> =

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 = <span style="color:#00A3AD">Introduction</span><br/> =
-<span class="link3">While 2 litres of water are often sufficient for daily drinking, it takes about 3,000 litres to produce the daily food needs of&nbsp;one person.<ref>http://www.fao.org/assets/infographics/FAO-Infographic-water-thirsty-en.pdf </ref> Around 70 percent of freshwater withdrawals go into agriculture. The uses within the sector are very diverse and include mainly [[Renewable Energies in Pumping and Irrigation|irrigation]], pesticide and fertilizer application, and sustaining livestock. Further along the value chain, water is used for food preservation ([[SunChill: Solar Cooling for Horticultural Preservation|crop cooling]], for example) and processing. Water use in agriculture not only consumes resources quantitatively, but also pollutes the valuable resource with pesticides and fertilizers.<br/>
+<span class="link3">While 2 litres of water are often sufficient for daily drinking, it takes about 3,000 litres to produce the daily food needs of&nbsp;one person.<ref>http://www.fao.org/assets/infographics/FAO-Infographic-water-thirsty-en.pdf </ref> Around 70 percent of freshwater withdrawals go into agriculture. The uses within the sector are very diverse and include mainly [[Sustainable Energy for Pumping and Irrigation|irrigation]], pesticide and fertilizer application, and sustaining livestock. Further along the value chain, water is used for food preservation ([[SunChill: Solar Cooling for Horticultural Preservation|crop cooling]], for example) and processing. Water use in agriculture not only consumes resources quantitatively, but also pollutes the valuable resource with pesticides and fertilizers.<br/>
 With a growing food demand (especially for water-intense products), agricultural production will need to expand by 70 percent by 2050. Given that irrigated agriculture can be up to twice as productive as rainfed cultivation systems, it is certain that water consumption for agriculture will keep growing. This will allow using land more efficiently, allow for more secure crop diversification, and provide an important buffer against climate variability.<ref>https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water-in-agriculture</ref><br/>
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 <references /><br/>
 [[Category:Sustainability]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:12, 11 August 2020
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	<span class="link3">Using agriculture water efficiently cannot only save water but also energy resources while improving yields. For this, understanding the local water resources is fundamental. For example, the type of water source determines the extraction method, which varies along surface water, groundwater or non-conventional water. The latter only provides one percent of agriculture water worldwide and includes treated wastewater and [[Wind Energy - Water Desalination\|desalinated water]], which is especially used in the Mediterranean, Middle East, and Andes regions, or on islands, and involves the use of specific technologies, which can also be run on renewable energy.<br/>		<span class="link3">Using agriculture water efficiently cannot only save water but also energy resources while improving yields. For this, understanding the local water resources is fundamental. For example, the type of water source determines the extraction method, which varies along surface water, groundwater or non-conventional water. The latter only provides one percent of agriculture water worldwide and includes treated wastewater and [[Wind Energy - Water Desalination\|desalinated water]], which is especially used in the Mediterranean, Middle East, and Andes regions, or on islands, and involves the use of specific technologies, which can also be run on renewable energy.<br/>

−	<span class="link3">Another important factor is the elevation or depth of the water body. This determines whether water can be delivered under pressure, which is particularly relevant for surface water, and allows knowing if gravity alone can support pressurised [[~~Renewable Energies in~~ Pumping and Irrigation\|irrigation systems]] or if it needs to be supported through pumps. Groundwater depth is decisive for the [https://energypedia.info/images/2/20/DESIGN_–_Pump_Sizing_Tool.xlsx size of the pump] and the associated costs. '''<span class="link3">[[SPIS Toolbox - Understand Water Resources\|Read more…]]</span>'''<br/>	+	<span class="link3">Another important factor is the elevation or depth of the water body. This determines whether water can be delivered under pressure, which is particularly relevant for surface water, and allows knowing if gravity alone can support pressurised [[Sustainable Energy for Pumping and Irrigation\|irrigation systems]] or if it needs to be supported through pumps. Groundwater depth is decisive for the [https://energypedia.info/images/2/20/DESIGN_–_Pump_Sizing_Tool.xlsx size of the pump] and the associated costs. '''<span class="link3">[[SPIS Toolbox - Understand Water Resources\|Read more…]]</span>'''<br/>

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 <span class="link3">Another important factor is the elevation or depth of the water body. This determines whether water can be delivered under pressure, which is particularly relevant for surface water, and allows knowing if gravity alone can support pressurised [[Renewable Energies in Pumping and Irrigation|irrigation systems]] or if it needs to be supported through pumps. Groundwater depth is decisive for the [https://energypedia.info/images/2/20/DESIGN_–_Pump_Sizing_Tool.xlsx size of the pump]&nbsp;and the associated costs. '''<span class="link3">[[SPIS Toolbox - Understand Water Resources|Read more…]]</span>'''<br/>
 == <span style="color:#00A3AD">Understanding Groundwater</span><br/> ==
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 Groundwater is the water found underground in the cracks and pores in soil, sand and rock, called aquifer. It is naturally recharged by precipitation or by infiltration from other water bodies. The underground water movement from areas of recharge to areas of aquifer discharge is called groundwater flow. This occurs generally at low velocities through pore spaces and fractures in rock materials and depends on the geological composition of the aquifer. Groundwater levels may vary seasonally and annually and are usually high after the wet and low at the end of the dry season. Different types of agricultural activities may affect the recharge process negatively, reaching from soil sealing to soil compaction due to the use of heavy machinery, which avoid water infiltration. But also crop choice and vegetation cover can influence infiltration patterns. Regulative measures can help overcoming groundwater shortages and allow sustainable water resource management. '''<span class="link3">[[SPIS Toolbox - Understanding Groundwater|Read more…]]</span>'''<br/>
-The module '''Safeguard Water of the SPIS Toolbox''' aims to introduce groundwater management and the principles of sustainable water management. It reviews the risks and impacts related to groundwater resource depletion and aims sensitize planning institutions and future users of a (solar powered) irrigation system for a responsible and sustainable utilization of water sources. Further, this module provides a practical guideline for the integration of water management into the planning and operation of irrigation systems. '''<span class="link3">[[SPIS Safeguard Water|Read more…]]</span>'''<br/>
+<span class="link3">The module '''[[SPIS_Safeguard_Water|Safeguard Water of the SPIS Toolbox]]''' aims to introduce groundwater management and the principles of sustainable water management. It reviews the risks and impacts related to groundwater resource depletion and aims sensitize planning institutions and future users of a (solar powered) irrigation system for a responsible and sustainable utilization of water sources. Further, this module provides a practical guideline for the integration of water management into the planning and operation of irrigation systems. '''<span class="link3">[[SPIS Safeguard Water|Read more…]]</span>'''<br/>
 == <span style="color:#00A3AD">Assess Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts of Irrigation</span><br/> ==