Togo Energy Situation - Revision history

Johanna at 13:40, 8 September 2020

2020-09-08T13:40:50Z

Johanna at 13:32, 8 September 2020

2020-09-08T13:32:42Z

Johanna at 13:14, 8 September 2020

2020-09-08T13:14:42Z

Ranisha: /* Electrification of Togo */

2020-08-31T14:14:53Z

Electrification of Togo

Ranisha: /* People and Society */

2020-08-31T14:14:03Z

People and Society

Ranisha: /* Climate */

2020-08-31T14:13:13Z

Climate

Ranisha: /* Climate */

2020-08-31T14:12:12Z

Climate

Ranisha: /* Geographie */

2020-08-31T14:11:42Z

Geographie

Ranisha: /* Geographie */

2020-08-31T14:07:01Z

Geographie

Ranisha: /* Geographie */

2020-08-31T14:06:44Z

Geographie

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 The '''independent power producer (IPP)''' Contour Global operates the largest thermal power plant in Togo. This covers a large part of the domestic electricity production. Like CEB, the power plant supplies electricity directly to large consumers or feeds the electricity into the public grid where it is distributed by CEET. In addition to the existing power plant, another thermal power plant is planned in Kekeli which is currently in the construction phase.
-The local private companies import, sale or install renewable energy equipment for the electricity production. They have formed into different associations or group to contribute better in Togo’s electricity access. &nbsp;We find GREAT (Groupe de Réflection sur les Energies Alternatives au Togo), RePER (Réseau des Professionnels des Energies Renouvelables), APERT (Association pour la Promotion des Energies renouvelables au Togo), and RESER (Réseau sous Régional de la Recherche en Energie Renouvelables)
+The local private companies import, sale or install renewable energy equipment for the electricity production. They have formed into different associations or group to contribute better in Togo’s electricity access. &nbsp;We find GREAT (Groupe de Réflection sur les Energies Alternatives au Togo), RePER (Réseau des Professionnels des Energies Renouvelables), APERT (Association pour la Promotion des Energies renouvelables au Togo), and RESER (Réseau sous Régional de la Recherche en Energie Renouvelables).
 They are not sufficiently involved in the implementation of the electrification strategy. However, some through their leaders participate in national workshops on energy issues. It should also be noted that some companies among the associations between them carry out projects with the communities for their access to electricity.
-= <span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Other Key Actors / Activities of Donors, Implementing Agencies, Civil Society Organisations</span><br/> =
+= Other Key Actors / Activities of Donors, Implementing Agencies, Civil Society Organisations<br/> =
 <br/>
 = Further Information =

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 Currently, an electrical power of 230,000 kW is produced in the country. It is estimated that in 2030 a total of 100,800,000kW of electricity will have to be produced to supply the entire population with electricity.<ref name="PERC, CEDEAO. 2015. Plan d'Actions National des Energies Renouvelables. [Online] 2015. https://www.se4all-africa.org/fileadmin/uploads/se4all/Documents/Country_PANER/Togo_Plan_d_Actions_National_des_Energies_Renouvelables.pdf.">PERC, CEDEAO. 2015. Plan d'Actions National des Energies Renouvelables. [Online] 2015. https://www.se4all-africa.org/fileadmin/uploads/se4all/Documents/Country_PANER/Togo_Plan_d_Actions_National_des_Energies_Renouvelables.pdf.</ref> <ref name="Global Lightning, Worldbank. 2018. lightingglobal.org. [Online] 2018. https://www.lightingglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Togo-Off-Grid-Solar-Market-Assessment.pdf.">Global Lightning, Worldbank. 2018. lightingglobal.org. [Online] 2018. https://www.lightingglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Togo-Off-Grid-Solar-Market-Assessment.pdf.</ref>
-The National Electrification Strategy was developed to realize this (see chapter 6). With this project, the government of Togo has set itself the goal of expanding renewable energy in particular and implementing various new strategies to provide universal access to electricity. The focus is on the expansion of solar energy for the electrification of rural areas. In addition, new opportunities for hydropower are to be developed. This technology has so far only been used in large-scale projects. In the future, however, smaller plants are also to be implemented. <ref name="CIA, Factbook. 2016. CIA Energy. [Online] 2016. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/to.html.">CIA, Factbook. 2016. CIA Energy. [Online] 2016. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/to.html.</ref><ref name="Worldbank. 2017. Worldbank. [Online] 2017. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/918921468338492241/pdf/multi-page.pdf.">Worldbank. 2017. Worldbank. [Online] 2017. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/918921468338492241/pdf/multi-page.pdf.</ref><ref name="SET. 2018. Strategie du electrification du Togo. 2018. http://ambatogoindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Teaser-Universal-Electrification-Strategy-Govt-of-Togo.pdf">SET. 2018. Strategie du electrification du Togo. 2018.</ref><br/>
+The National Electrification Strategy was developed to realize this (see [[Togo_Energy_Situation#Policy_Framework.2C_Laws_and_Regulations|chapter 6]]). With this project, the government of Togo has set itself the goal of expanding renewable energy in particular and implementing various new strategies to provide universal access to electricity. The focus is on the expansion of solar energy for the electrification of rural areas. In addition, new opportunities for hydropower are to be developed. This technology has so far only been used in large-scale projects. In the future, however, smaller plants are also to be implemented. <ref name="CIA, Factbook. 2016. CIA Energy. [Online] 2016. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/to.html.">CIA, Factbook. 2016. CIA Energy. [Online] 2016. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/to.html.</ref><ref name="Worldbank. 2017. Worldbank. [Online] 2017. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/918921468338492241/pdf/multi-page.pdf.">Worldbank. 2017. Worldbank. [Online] 2017. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/918921468338492241/pdf/multi-page.pdf.</ref><ref name="SET. 2018. Strategie du electrification du Togo. 2018. http://ambatogoindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Teaser-Universal-Electrification-Strategy-Govt-of-Togo.pdf">SET. 2018. Strategie du electrification du Togo. 2018.</ref><br/>
 <div><br/></div><div>[[File:Table1.1 Electricity Overview.PNG|thumb|center|600pxpx|Overview of the energy sector in Togo. The data was compiled from various sources and provides information on the current electrification rate, electricity production and consumption. The table also shows the electricity production costs compared to the electricity price and the different types of electricity production.]]<br/></div>
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 '''Mini-Grid and Off-Grid systems''': In addition to the planned large solar power plants, several Mini-Grid and Off-Grid systems already exist. In order to ensure the optimal operation and sustainability of these solar mini power plants, the Ministry of Energy and Mines is hiring KYA-Energy Group to assist the Directorate General of Energy (DGE) in monitoring, managing and operating these mini power plants.&nbsp;<ref name="Prof.AZOUMAH, Yao (Directeur Général). 2019. Audit et maintenance de quatre (04) minicentrales solaires. 2019.">Prof.AZOUMAH, Yao (Directeur Général). 2019. Audit et maintenance de quatre (04) minicentrales solaires. 2019.</ref>
-'''Solar Home Systems (SHS) / Solar Kits''': Another way to supply private households with electricity is to use solar kits . Solar kits are PV systems for individual use and can be used to supply electricity to individual electrical devices or entire households. There are already several companies and projects active in this field to spread the use of solar kits throughout the country (see chapter 6).<ref name="Global Lightning, Worldbank. 2018. lightingglobal.org. [Online] 2018. https://www.lightingglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Togo-Off-Grid-Solar-Market-Assessment.pdf.">Global Lightning, Worldbank. 2018. lightingglobal.org. [Online] 2018. https://www.lightingglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Togo-Off-Grid-Solar-Market-Assessment.pdf.</ref>&nbsp;
+'''Solar Home Systems (SHS) / Solar Kits''': Another way to supply private households with electricity is to use solar kits . Solar kits are PV systems for individual use and can be used to supply electricity to individual electrical devices or entire households. There are already several companies and projects active in this field to spread the use of solar kits throughout the country (see [[Togo_Energy_Situation#Policy_Framework.2C_Laws_and_Regulations|chapter 6]]).<ref name="Global Lightning, Worldbank. 2018. lightingglobal.org. [Online] 2018. https://www.lightingglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Togo-Off-Grid-Solar-Market-Assessment.pdf.">Global Lightning, Worldbank. 2018. lightingglobal.org. [Online] 2018. https://www.lightingglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Togo-Off-Grid-Solar-Market-Assessment.pdf.</ref>&nbsp;
 [[File:Table2 Overview of renewable power plants.PNG|thumb|center|500px|Overview of renewable power plants that are operated or planned in Togo The table is divided into large grid-connected power plants and the smaller power plants, the mini-grid and off-grid systems.]]
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 &nbsp;[[File:Figure12 Etablishment and functions of the various institutions.png|thumb|center|700px|Establishment and functions of the various institutions in the energy sector. With the MME and ARSE at the political level, whose task it is to control and regulate the energy sector. Within their field of responsibility are the electricity producers, distributors and consumers. (Lightning Global, 2018)]]
-The general mission of the national utility, the '''Togo Electric Energy Company (CEET), '''is to ensure the public service of distribution and sale of electricity throughout the national territory, in compliance with the standards in force for the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. The main tasks that define the mission of the CEET are the supply and distribution of electricity and effective pricing, while ensuring quality and continuity. While CEET owns and focuses on distribution in the medium-voltage and the distribution grid. CEB operates the high voltage network. CEET also generates electricity (see chapter 3). <ref name="CEET. 2019. CEET Energy Production. [Online] 2019. http://www.ceet.tg/tg/?page_id=87. —. 2020. ceet.tg. [Online] 2020. http://www.ceet.tg/tg/?page_id=85.">CEET. 2019. CEET Energy Production. [Online] 2019. http://www.ceet.tg/tg/?page_id=87.fckLR—. 2020. ceet.tg. [Online] 2020. http://www.ceet.tg/tg/?page_id=85.fckLR</ref>
+The general mission of the national utility, the '''Togo Electric Energy Company (CEET), '''is to ensure the public service of distribution and sale of electricity throughout the national territory, in compliance with the standards in force for the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. The main tasks that define the mission of the CEET are the supply and distribution of electricity and effective pricing, while ensuring quality and continuity. While CEET owns and focuses on distribution in the medium-voltage and the distribution grid. CEB operates the high voltage network. CEET also generates electricity (see [[Togo_Energy_Situation#Renewable_Energy|chapter 3]]). <ref name="CEET. 2019. CEET Energy Production. [Online] 2019. http://www.ceet.tg/tg/?page_id=87. —. 2020. ceet.tg. [Online] 2020. http://www.ceet.tg/tg/?page_id=85.">CEET. 2019. CEET Energy Production. [Online] 2019. http://www.ceet.tg/tg/?page_id=87.fckLR—. 2020. ceet.tg. [Online] 2020. http://www.ceet.tg/tg/?page_id=85.fckLR</ref>
 '''The Benin Electricity Company''' '''(CEB)''' is a Benin-Togolese joint venture responsible for electricity generation, imports and transmission in both countries. The company also operates Togo's largest hydropower plant at the Nangbeto dam and a thermal power plant in the port of Lomé. CEB directly supplies some large electricity consumers such as industries in mining or cement production. For the other part, the business groups have a power purchase agreement with the CEET. <ref name="CEB. 2020. cebnet.org. [Online] 2020. https://www.cebnet.org/.">CEB. 2020. cebnet.org. [Online] 2020. https://www.cebnet.org/.</ref>

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 == &nbsp;People and Society<br/> ==
-[[File:Figure 4 Estimated total number of persosns (2020).png|thumb|right|222px|Estimated total number of persons in the Jear 2020 per grid cell at a resolution of (3 arc seconds approx. 100m at the equator) (World Pop, 2020)]]
+[[File:Figure 4 Estimated total number of persosns (2020).png|thumb|right|222px|Estimated total number of persons in the year 2020 per grid cell at a resolution of (3 arc seconds approx. 100m at the equator) (World Pop, 2020)]]
 Togo is one of the most densely populated countries in Africa, with most of the population living in rural communities, with the highest density in the south near the Atlantic coast. The distribution of the population is very uneven due to variations in soil and terrain. The population is generally concentrated in the south and along the major north-south motorway that connects the coast with the Sahel. The age distribution is also uneven; almost half of the Togolese are less than fifteen years old.
@@ Line 85: / Line 85: @@
 Currently, an electrical power of 230,000 kW is produced in the country. It is estimated that in 2030 a total of 100,800,000kW of electricity will have to be produced to supply the entire population with electricity.<ref name="PERC, CEDEAO. 2015. Plan d'Actions National des Energies Renouvelables. [Online] 2015. https://www.se4all-africa.org/fileadmin/uploads/se4all/Documents/Country_PANER/Togo_Plan_d_Actions_National_des_Energies_Renouvelables.pdf.">PERC, CEDEAO. 2015. Plan d'Actions National des Energies Renouvelables. [Online] 2015. https://www.se4all-africa.org/fileadmin/uploads/se4all/Documents/Country_PANER/Togo_Plan_d_Actions_National_des_Energies_Renouvelables.pdf.</ref> <ref name="Global Lightning, Worldbank. 2018. lightingglobal.org. [Online] 2018. https://www.lightingglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Togo-Off-Grid-Solar-Market-Assessment.pdf.">Global Lightning, Worldbank. 2018. lightingglobal.org. [Online] 2018. https://www.lightingglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Togo-Off-Grid-Solar-Market-Assessment.pdf.</ref>
-The National Electrification Strategy was developed to realize this (see chapter 6). With this project, the government of Togo has set itself the goal of expanding renewable energy in particular and implementing various new strategies to provide universal access to electricity. The focus is on the expansion of solar energy for the electrification of rural areas. In addition, new opportunities for hydropower are to be developed. This technology has so far only been used in large-scale projects. In the future, however, smaller plants are also to be implemented. <ref name="CIA, Factbook. 2016. CIA Energy. [Online] 2016. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/to.html.">CIA, Factbook. 2016. CIA Energy. [Online] 2016. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/to.html.</ref><ref name="Worldbank. 2017. Worldbank. [Online] 2017. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/918921468338492241/pdf/multi-page.pdf.">Worldbank. 2017. Worldbank. [Online] 2017. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/918921468338492241/pdf/multi-page.pdf.</ref><ref name="SET. 2018. Strategie du electrification du Togo. 2018.">SET. 2018. Strategie du electrification du Togo. 2018.</ref><br/>
+The National Electrification Strategy was developed to realize this (see chapter 6). With this project, the government of Togo has set itself the goal of expanding renewable energy in particular and implementing various new strategies to provide universal access to electricity. The focus is on the expansion of solar energy for the electrification of rural areas. In addition, new opportunities for hydropower are to be developed. This technology has so far only been used in large-scale projects. In the future, however, smaller plants are also to be implemented. <ref name="CIA, Factbook. 2016. CIA Energy. [Online] 2016. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/to.html.">CIA, Factbook. 2016. CIA Energy. [Online] 2016. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/to.html.</ref><ref name="Worldbank. 2017. Worldbank. [Online] 2017. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/918921468338492241/pdf/multi-page.pdf.">Worldbank. 2017. Worldbank. [Online] 2017. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/918921468338492241/pdf/multi-page.pdf.</ref><ref name="SET. 2018. Strategie du electrification du Togo. 2018. http://ambatogoindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Teaser-Universal-Electrification-Strategy-Govt-of-Togo.pdf">SET. 2018. Strategie du electrification du Togo. 2018.</ref><br/>
 <div><br/></div><div>[[File:Table1.1 Electricity Overview.PNG|thumb|center|600pxpx|Overview of the energy sector in Togo. The data was compiled from various sources and provides information on the current electrification rate, electricity production and consumption. The table also shows the electricity production costs compared to the electricity price and the different types of electricity production.]]<br/></div>
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 Compared to solar energy, wind energy is making a tentative start in Togo. So far it has only been used to pump groundwater. Initial explorations had shown that the Togolese wind resource is not competitive compared to other sources on utility-scale. <ref name="PERC, CEDEAO. 2015. Plan d'Actions National des Energies Renouvelables. [Online] 2015. https://www.se4all-africa.org/fileadmin/uploads/se4all/Documents/Country_PANER/Togo_Plan_d_Actions_National_des_Energies_Renouvelables.pdf.">PERC, CEDEAO. 2015. Plan d'Actions National des Energies Renouvelables. [Online] 2015. https://www.se4all-africa.org/fileadmin/uploads/se4all/Documents/Country_PANER/Togo_Plan_d_Actions_National_des_Energies_Renouvelables.pdf.</ref>
-[[Category:Togo]]
 = Fossil Fuels =
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 </ol>
-[[Category:Togo]]
 = Institutional Set up in the Energy Sector =

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 == Electrification of Togo<br/> ==
 The rate of access to electricity in Togo is increasing (from 17% in 2000 to 45% in 2018), but with large differences between urban (access rate = 88.8%) and rural areas (access rate = 8%).
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 In recent years, progress has been made in the electrification of the country's major cities. However, great efforts are also being made for rural electrification, but it still represents a major challenge. A total of 4 million inhabitants in Togo still must be supplied with electricity.
 Currently, an electrical power of 230,000 kW is produced in the country. It is estimated that in 2030 a total of 100,800,000kW of electricity will have to be produced to supply the entire population with electricity.<ref name="PERC, CEDEAO. 2015. Plan d'Actions National des Energies Renouvelables. [Online] 2015. https://www.se4all-africa.org/fileadmin/uploads/se4all/Documents/Country_PANER/Togo_Plan_d_Actions_National_des_Energies_Renouvelables.pdf.">PERC, CEDEAO. 2015. Plan d'Actions National des Energies Renouvelables. [Online] 2015. https://www.se4all-africa.org/fileadmin/uploads/se4all/Documents/Country_PANER/Togo_Plan_d_Actions_National_des_Energies_Renouvelables.pdf.</ref> <ref name="Global Lightning, Worldbank. 2018. lightingglobal.org. [Online] 2018. https://www.lightingglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Togo-Off-Grid-Solar-Market-Assessment.pdf.">Global Lightning, Worldbank. 2018. lightingglobal.org. [Online] 2018. https://www.lightingglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Togo-Off-Grid-Solar-Market-Assessment.pdf.</ref>

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 == &nbsp;People and Society<br/> ==
+[[File:Figure 4 Estimated total number of persosns (2020).png|thumb|right|222px|Estimated total number of persons in the Jear 2020 per grid cell at a resolution of (3 arc seconds approx. 100m at the equator) (World Pop, 2020)]]
 Togo is one of the most densely populated countries in Africa, with most of the population living in rural communities, with the highest density in the south near the Atlantic coast. The distribution of the population is very uneven due to variations in soil and terrain. The population is generally concentrated in the south and along the major north-south motorway that connects the coast with the Sahel. The age distribution is also uneven; almost half of the Togolese are less than fifteen years old.
 French, the official language, is used in administration and documentation. The public primary schools combine French with "Ewe" or "Kabye" as the language of instruction, depending on the region. English is spoken in neighboring Ghana and taught in Togolese secondary schools. Therefore, many Togolese, especially in the south and along the border to Ghana, speak some English.&nbsp;<ref name="CIA, Factbook. 2016. CIA Energy. [Online] 2016. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/to.html.">CIA, Factbook. 2016. CIA Energy. [Online] 2016. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/to.html.</ref><br/>
 The population of Togo is estimated by the UN at 8 million in 2018. The five largest cities in the country are: Lomé (capital), Sokode, Kara, Atakpame and Kpalime. In total, these cities have a population of 3.3 million and 4.7 million in the countryside. This means that 41.7% of the total population lives in urban areas. There are many different ethnic groups in Togo. It is estimated that there are up to 37 different groups. Among the largest are the Adja-Ewe/Mina with 42.4% and the Kabye/Tem with 25.9%.&nbsp; (2013 - 14 est.)<ref name="UN. 2019. data.un.org. [Online] 2019. https://population.un.org/wup/.">UN. 2019. data.un.org. [Online] 2019. https://population.un.org/wup/.</ref> <br/>
-The population of Togo is estimated to have grown four times its size between 1960 and 2010. With almost 60% of the population under the age of 25 and a high annual growth rate, largely due to high fertility, Togo's population is expected to continue to grow in the foreseeable future. In 2008, Togo abolished fees for primary school enrolment, which led to a higher enrolment rate, but increased the pressure on limited classroom space, teachers and materials. Togo is well on the way to establishing universal primary education. However, the quality of education, the low percentage of girls and the low enrolment rate in secondary and higher education remain challenges. <ref name="CIA, Factbook. 2016. CIA Energy. [Online] 2016. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/to.html.">CIA, Factbook. 2016. CIA Energy. [Online] 2016. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/to.html.</ref><br/>
+The population of Togo is estimated to have grown four times its size between 1960 and 2010. With almost 60% of the population under the age of 25 and a high annual growth rate, largely due to high fertility, Togo's population is expected to continue to grow in the foreseeable future. In 2008, Togo abolished fees for primary school enrolment, which led to a higher enrolment rate, but increased the pressure on limited classroom space, teachers and materials. Togo is well on the way to establishing universal primary education. However, the quality of education, the low percentage of girls and the low enrolment rate in secondary and higher education remain challenges. <ref name="CIA, Factbook. 2016. CIA Energy. [Online] 2016. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/to.html.">CIA, Factbook. 2016. CIA Energy. [Online] 2016. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/to.html.</ref>

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 The high and over the year relatively constant solar radiation results in a high value of available solar energy. By means of satellite data of the solar energy per day and per year it can be estimated which region is particularly suitable to produce solar energy. The solar irradiation increases from south to north. In the dry regions in the very north of the country, the solar irradiation reaches its maximum with a value of 2045 kWh/m² per year.&nbsp;<ref name="Global Solar, Atlas. 2019. globalsolaratlas.info. [Online] 2019. https://globalsolaratlas.info/download/togo.">Global Solar, Atlas. 2019. globalsolaratlas.info. [Online] 2019. https://globalsolaratlas.info/download/togo.</ref>
-[[File:Figure 3 Wind map of Togo.png|thumb|center|222px|Wind map of Togo (GlobalWind, 2019)]]
+[[File:Figure 3 Wind map of Togo.png|thumb|right|222px|Wind map of Togo (GlobalWind, 2019)]]
 According to the data of the Global Wind Atlas, Togo is located in an area with very low winds. On the coast in the south, wind speeds are on average higher than in the interior. Furthermore, there are greater amounts of wind speeds in higher and mountainous areas.&nbsp;<ref name="Global Wind, Atlas. 2019. globalwindatlas.info. [Online] 2019. https://globalwindatlas.info/.">Global Wind, Atlas. 2019. globalwindatlas.info. [Online] 2019. https://globalwindatlas.info/.</ref>

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 == Climate ==
 The climate is tropical humid all year round, with average temperatures of 30°C in the north and 27°C on the coast in the south. There is only a slight cooling at night. Due to the elongated shape of the country, there are different climatic conditions in the north and south of the country. The North is strongly influenced by the continental climate. The rainy season takes place there from May to October. August is the coolest month, January the driest. Located on the coast, the south, is strongly influenced by the maritime climate. There are two rainy seasons from April to June and from September to November. The driest month is December, the coolest month is August. <ref name="DWD. 2020. Deutscher Wetter Dienst. [Online] 2020. https://www.dwd.de/DE/leistungen/klimadatenwelt/afrika/tz/togo/togo_node.html.">DWD. 2020. Deutscher Wetter Dienst. [Online] 2020. https://www.dwd.de/DE/leistungen/klimadatenwelt/afrika/tz/togo/togo_node.html.</ref>
 The high and over the year relatively constant solar radiation results in a high value of available solar energy. By means of satellite data of the solar energy per day and per year it can be estimated which region is particularly suitable to produce solar energy. The solar irradiation increases from south to north. In the dry regions in the very north of the country, the solar irradiation reaches its maximum with a value of 2045 kWh/m² per year.&nbsp;<ref name="Global Solar, Atlas. 2019. globalsolaratlas.info. [Online] 2019. https://globalsolaratlas.info/download/togo.">Global Solar, Atlas. 2019. globalsolaratlas.info. [Online] 2019. https://globalsolaratlas.info/download/togo.</ref>

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 = Introduction =
-== Geographie ==
+== Geography ==
-[[File:Figure1 Togo Map.jpg|thumb|left|222px|Togo: Country and Region]]
+[[File:Figure1 Togo Map.jpg|thumb|right|222px|Togo: Country and Region]]
 Togo is a state in West Africa, located on the Gulf of Guinea. It borders Burkina Faso to the north, Benin to the east, Ghana to the west and the Atlantic Ocean to the south. The country covers almost 57.000 km². The plains in the north and south are dominated by savannah land, which makes up about 23% of the country's total area. About 16&nbsp;% of the country is covered by tropical rainforests and savannah forests, about 33&nbsp;% is used as meadow or grassland and about a quarter is used as agricultural land, especially for coffee, tea, cocoa, cotton, coconut and peanuts, cassava, rice, millet and corn. The country is divided into the regions Maritime, Plateaux, Central, Kara, Savanes. <ref name="Togo, Konsulat. 2020. Konsulat Togo. [Online] 2020. http://www.konsulat-togo.de/geographie.php.">Togo, Konsulat. 2020. Konsulat Togo. [Online] 2020. http://www.konsulat-togo.de/geographie.php.</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:07, 31 August 2020
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		+	[[Category:Togo]]

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 == Geographie ==
 Togo is a state in West Africa, located on the Gulf of Guinea. It borders Burkina Faso to the north, Benin to the east, Ghana to the west and the Atlantic Ocean to the south. The country covers almost 57.000 km². The plains in the north and south are dominated by savannah land, which makes up about 23% of the country's total area. About 16&nbsp;% of the country is covered by tropical rainforests and savannah forests, about 33&nbsp;% is used as meadow or grassland and about a quarter is used as agricultural land, especially for coffee, tea, cocoa, cotton, coconut and peanuts, cassava, rice, millet and corn. The country is divided into the regions Maritime, Plateaux, Central, Kara, Savanes. <ref name="Togo, Konsulat. 2020. Konsulat Togo. [Online] 2020. http://www.konsulat-togo.de/geographie.php.">Togo, Konsulat. 2020. Konsulat Togo. [Online] 2020. http://www.konsulat-togo.de/geographie.php.</ref>
-[[File:Figure1 Togo Map.jpg|thumb|center|222px|Togo: Country and Region|alt=Togo: Country and Region]]
+The longest river is the Mono with 467 km length. It runs from north to south and can be used as a waterway for 50 km. The river is also used for energy production with a large hydroelectric power plant, at the Nangbeto Dam. The reservoir near Atakampé dams the river Mono. The lake is used for irrigation for agriculture and for electricity production.&nbsp;<ref name="Worldbank. 2017. Worldbank. [Online] 2017. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/918921468338492241/pdf/multi-page.pdf.">Worldbank. 2017. Worldbank. [Online] 2017. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/918921468338492241/pdf/multi-page.pdf.</ref>