South Africa Energy Situation - Revision history

Uschuetzenmeister at 13:09, 10 September 2021

2021-09-10T13:09:17Z

Uschuetzenmeister: /* Links: National Government */

2021-09-10T13:05:17Z

Links: National Government

Uschuetzenmeister at 12:57, 10 September 2021

2021-09-10T12:57:28Z

Show changes

Ahmed El-Sherbini: /* Further Information */

2020-01-27T14:37:45Z

Further Information

Ahmed El-Sherbini at 14:36, 27 January 2020

2020-01-27T14:36:26Z

Show changes

Johanna at 09:38, 11 February 2019

2019-02-11T09:38:59Z

Show changes

Ranisha: /* Solar Energy */

2019-02-10T14:32:56Z

Solar Energy

Ranisha: /* Solar Energy */

2019-02-10T14:11:12Z

Solar Energy

Ranisha at 19:47, 10 July 2018

2018-07-10T19:47:10Z

Ranisha at 15:37, 10 July 2018

2018-07-10T15:37:56Z

@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 *Gas with 2.8%
 *Nuclear 0.4%
-*Hydro 0.1%<ref name="Department of Energy, South African Energy Synopsis, 2010fckLRhttp://www.energy.gov.za/files/media/explained/2010/South_African_Energy_Synopsis_2010.pdffckLR">Department of Energy, South African Energy Synopsis, 2010fckLR http://www.energy.gov.za/files/media/explained/2010/South_African_Energy_Synopsis_2010.pdffckLR</ref>
+*Hydro 0.1%<ref name="Department of Energy, South African Energy Synopsis, 2010http://www.energy.gov.za/files/media/explained/2010/South_African_Energy_Synopsis_2010.pdf">Department of Energy, South African Energy Synopsis, 2010 http://www.energy.gov.za/files/media/explained/2010/South_African_Energy_Synopsis_2010.pdf</ref>
 *Primary Energy: an energy form found in nature that has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process to become electrical energy, refined fuels, or synthetic fuels such as hydrogen fuel
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 *GDP ~ 3080 Billion ZAR ~ 280 Billion Euro.
 *Exports amounted to 24% of GDP in 2010.
-*Large and active stock exchange that ranks 17th in the world.<ref>Sources: World Bank, http://data.worldbank.org/country/south-africafckLRUS Department of State – Background note South Africa, fckLRhttp://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2898.htmfckLR</ref>
+*Large and active stock exchange that ranks 17th in the world.<ref>Sources: World Bank, http://data.worldbank.org/country/south-africa Department of State – Background note South Africa, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2898.htm</ref>
 *Active member of BRICS
 *BRICS is an international political organisation of leading emerging economies with a developing middle income status and it comprises of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 *Nuclear 0.4%
 *Hydro 0.1%<ref name="Department of Energy, South African Energy Synopsis, 2010fckLRhttp://www.energy.gov.za/files/media/explained/2010/South_African_Energy_Synopsis_2010.pdffckLR">Department of Energy, South African Energy Synopsis, 2010fckLR http://www.energy.gov.za/files/media/explained/2010/South_African_Energy_Synopsis_2010.pdffckLR</ref>
 *Primary Energy: an energy form found in nature that has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process to become electrical energy, refined fuels, or synthetic fuels such as hydrogen fuel
-[[File:South Africa- Energy Sector Use.png|thumb|left|294px|South Africa Energy Use Source: Department of Energy, South African Energy Synopsis, 2010 (http://bit.ly/18nMJD8)]]
+[[File:South Africa- Energy Sector Use.png|thumb|294px|South Africa Energy Use Source: Department of Energy, South African Energy Synopsis, 2010 (http://bit.ly/18nMJD8)|alt=]]
 = Economy General =
@@ Line 37: / Line 36: @@
 In South Africa there are 1086 large dams in operation: 846 embankments and 240 concrete dams. The total water storage of all dams is about 31,6 km3, which is about 65% of the mean annual runoff of South African rivers. <u>Large hydro</u> In 2012 electricity production from hydropower was 3147 GWh (1,4%) and in an average year it is 3000 GWh. The economically feasible capacity is 4700 GWh/year. Of the technically feasible potential about 90% has been developed so far (including pumped-storage). Almost all feasible large-scale hydro potential has now been tapped.<ref name="Hydropower & Dams World Atlas, 2013 (page 108)">Hydropower & Dams World Atlas, 2013 (page 108) </ref> <u>Pumped-storage</u> There is also 1400 MW of pumped-storage capacity in operation, with 1332 MW under construction (Ingula) and completion scheduled for 2014/2015. <u>Small Hydro Power</u> At present 61 MW os SHP is in operation in four plants, producing 350 GWh/year. Further 50 MW could be developed at small schemes in the future. Two new small hydropower development will be constructed under the Renewable Energy Independent Procurement Power Producer Program: The Stortemelk in Dihabeng (Free State) with 4,3 MW will be constructed in an existing dam and the Neusberg in Kakamas (Northern Cape) with 10 MW. The Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal are endowed with the best potential for the development of small, i.e. less than 10MW hydropower plants. The advantages and attractiveness of these plants are that they can either be standalone or in a hybrid combination with other renewable energy sources. Advantage can be derived from the association with other uses of water (water supply, irrigation, flood control, etc.), which are critical to the future economic and socio-economic development of South Africa. <u>Hydropower from neighbouring countries</u> The '''Southern African Power Pool (SAPP)''' allows and supports the free trading of electricity between '''Southern African Development Community (SADC)''' member countries, providing South Africa with access to the vast hydropower potential in the countries to the north, notably the significant potential in the Zambezi River.[[South Africa Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 == [[Portal:Solar|Solar Energy]] ==
 Most areas in South Africa average more than 2 500 hours of sunshine per year, and average solar-radiation levels range between 4.5 and 6.5kWh/m2 in one day. The southern African region, and in fact the whole of Africa, has sunshine all year round. The annual 24-hour global solar radiation average is about 220 W/m2 for South Africa, compared with about 150 W/m2 for parts of the USA, and about 100 W/m2 for Europe and the United Kingdom. This makes South Africa's local resource one of the highest in the world. <ref>http://www.energy.gov.za/files/esources/renewables/r_solar.html</ref> [[File:South Africa Solar Map.png|center|450px|alt=South Africa Solar Map.png|link=http://solargis.info/doc/_pics/freemaps/1000px/ghi/SolarGIS-Solar-map-South-Africa-en.png]]The South-west region has the most potential for solar in South Africa as can be seen from the above graph.
 [[South Africa Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
@@ Line 205: / Line 200: @@
 There is, currently, no large-scale geothermal production in South Africa, since coal is abundant and relatively cheap, supplying the largest part of the country’s energy requirements. However, the Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century, or REN21, ‘Renewables 2010 Global Status Report’ states that, as the geothermal market continues to broaden, a significant acceleration in installations is expected, with advanced technologies enabling the development of geothermal power projects in new countries.<ref>http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/south-africas-geothermal-prospects-2010-10-15</ref> [[South Africa Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 = Key Problems of the Energy Sector =
@@ Line 215: / Line 208: @@
 *Outdated Integrated Resource Plan (IRP)
 *Local content requirements
 = Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations =
@@ Line 226: / Line 217: @@
 *'''The Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme''' (REIPPPP or REI4P) is the major driver of installing green power generation capacity in South Africa. It not only focusses on delivering sustainable power to the grid but also at creating jobs and fostering local development. The National Treasury (NT) and the Department of Energy (DoE) have joined forces to establish the Independent Power Producer (IPP) Office to manage the REIPPPP. For further information please look at [[http://bit.ly/1rbijDn Republic of South Africa Review of the South Africa Renewable Energy IPP Process]]
 [[South Africa Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 == Links: Industry Associations ==
@@ Line 253: / Line 243: @@
 **[http://www.cef.org.za/ CEF]; [http://www.eskom.co.za Eskom]
 **[http://www.economic.gov.za/ Economic Development Department (EDD)]
+**[http://www.economic.gov.za/communications/publications/green-economy-accord economic.gov. - publications]
+**[http://www.nersa.org.za/ NERSA]
-*[http://www.economic.gov.za/communications/publications/green-economy-accord economic.gov. - publications]
+**[http://www.treasury.gov.za/ National Treasury (NT)]
+**[http://www.npconline.co.za/ National Planning Commission (NPC)]
+**[http://www.sanedi.org.za/ South African National Energy Development Institute (SANEDI)]
-*[http://www.nersa.org.za/ NERSA]&lt;/li&gt;
+**[http://www.wasaproject.info/ Wind Atlas for South Africa (WASA) SANEDI]
-*[http://www.treasury.gov.za/ National Treasury (NT)]&lt;/li&gt;
+**[http://www.record.org.za RECORD]
-*[http://www.npconline.co.za/ National Planning Commission (NPC)]&lt;/li&gt;
+**[http://www.sanedi.org.za/esco-cogen-facilitator/ ESCo/Cogen Facilitator]
-*[http://www.sanedi.org.za/ South African National Energy Development Institute (SANEDI)]
+[[South Africa Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 == Links: Local Financing Institutions ==
@@ Line 326: / Line 309: @@
 [[South Africa Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 = Further Information =
 *USAID Power Africa: [https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/South_Africa_-_November_2018_Country_Fact_Sheet.pdf South Africa Factsheet]
 *[[Fuel Price Data South Africa|Fuel Price Data South Africa]]
-**[[South Africa: Best Practice Case Studies|South Africa: Best Practice Case Studies]]
+*[[South Africa: Best Practice Case Studies]]
 [[South Africa Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 = References =
 <references />

@@ Line 341: / Line 341: @@
 [[South Africa Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 = Further Information =
+*USAID Power Africa:&nbsp;[https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/South_Africa_-_November_2018_Country_Fact_Sheet.pdf South Africa Factsheet]
 *[[Fuel Price Data South Africa|Fuel Price Data South Africa]]<br/>
 **[[South Africa: Best Practice Case Studies|South Africa: Best Practice Case Studies]]
-**USAID Power Africa: [https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/South_Africa_-_November_2018_Country_Fact_Sheet.pdf South Africa Factsheet]
+**<br/>
 [[South Africa Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 = References<br/> =

@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 The '''Southern African Power Pool (SAPP)''' allows and supports the free trading of electricity between '''Southern African Development Community (SADC)''' member countries, providing South Africa with access to the vast hydropower potential in the countries to the north, notably the significant potential in the Zambezi River.<br/>
 [[South_Africa_Energy_Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 == [[Portal:Solar|Solar Energy]] ==
-Most areas in South Africa average more than 2 500 hours of sunshine per year, and average solar-radiation levels range between 4.5 and 6.5kWh/m2 in one day. The southern African region, and in fact the whole of Africa, has sunshine all year round. The annual 24-hour global solar radiation average is about 220 W/m2 for South Africa, compared with about 150 W/m2 for parts of the USA, and about 100 W/m2 for Europe and the United Kingdom. This makes South Africa's local resource one of the highest in the world. <ref>http://www.energy.gov.za/files/esources/renewables/r_solar.html</ref> [[File:South Africa Solar Map.png|center|450px|alt=South Africa Solar Map.png|link=http://solargis.info/doc/_pics/freemaps/1000px/ghi/SolarGIS-Solar-map-South-Africa-en.png]]<br/>The South-west region has the most potential for solar in South Africa as can be seen from the above graph. <br/>
+Most areas in South Africa average more than 2 500 hours of sunshine per year, and average solar-radiation levels range between 4.5 and 6.5kWh/m2 in one day. The southern African region, and in fact the whole of Africa, has sunshine all year round. The annual 24-hour global solar radiation average is about 220 W/m2 for South Africa, compared with about 150 W/m2 for parts of the USA, and about 100 W/m2 for Europe and the United Kingdom. This makes South Africa's local resource one of the highest in the world. <ref>http://www.energy.gov.za/files/esources/renewables/r_solar.html</ref> [[File:South Africa Solar Map.png|center|450px|alt=South Africa Solar Map.png|link=http://solargis.info/doc/_pics/freemaps/1000px/ghi/SolarGIS-Solar-map-South-Africa-en.png]]<br/>The South-west region has the most potential for solar in South Africa as can be seen from the above graph.<br/>
-In 1990, only 35% of total South Africans had access to electricity. In 1999, the Government launched the Integrated National Electrification Programme (INEP) to promote solar home systems (SHSs) to tackle energy access. By early 2000s, around&nbsp; 40,000–60,000 SHSs were installed but demand fell after the Electricity for all campaign (as off-grid communities were expecting the grid). The goverment also launched the National energy acess polices but these policies did not prioriteize off-grid solutions. Therefore, although the market for solar products increased overall in Africa, the SHS sector in South Africa remains relatively small in 2018.<ref name="https://infohub.practicalaction.org/bitstream/handle/11283/621079/PPEO_Web_lowres.pdf?sequence=1">https://infohub.practicalaction.org/bitstream/handle/11283/621079/PPEO_Web_lowres.pdf?sequence=1</ref>&nbsp;<br/>
+In 1990, only 35% of total South Africans had access to electricity. In 1999, the Government launched the Integrated National Electrification Programme (INEP) to promote solar home systems (SHSs) to tackle energy access. By early 2000s, around&nbsp; 40,000–60,000 SHSs were installed but demand fell after the Electricity for all campaign (as off-grid communities were expecting the grid). The government also launched the National energy access polices but these policies did not prioriteize off-grid solutions. Therefore, although the market for solar products increased overall in Africa, the SHS sector in South Africa remains relatively small in 2018.In &nbsp;In 2017, only 150,000 SHSs were installed whereas the program's target was to install 300,000 SHSs.<ref name="https://infohub.practicalaction.org/bitstream/handle/11283/621079/PPEO_Web_lowres.pdf?sequence=1">https://infohub.practicalaction.org/bitstream/handle/11283/621079/PPEO_Web_lowres.pdf?sequence=1</ref>
 [[South Africa Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]

@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 The '''Southern African Power Pool (SAPP)''' allows and supports the free trading of electricity between '''Southern African Development Community (SADC)''' member countries, providing South Africa with access to the vast hydropower potential in the countries to the north, notably the significant potential in the Zambezi River.<br/>
 [[South_Africa_Energy_Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
 == [[Portal:Solar|Solar Energy]] ==
 Most areas in South Africa average more than 2 500 hours of sunshine per year, and average solar-radiation levels range between 4.5 and 6.5kWh/m2 in one day.
-The southern African region, and in fact the whole of Africa, has sunshine all year round. The annual 24-hour global solar radiation average is about 220 W/m2 for South Africa, compared with about 150 W/m2 for parts of the USA, and about 100 W/m2 for Europe and the United Kingdom. This makes South Africa's local resource one of the highest in the world. <ref>http://www.energy.gov.za/files/esources/renewables/r_solar.html</ref> [[File:South Africa Solar Map.png|center|450px|alt=South Africa Solar Map.png|link=http://solargis.info/doc/_pics/freemaps/1000px/ghi/SolarGIS-Solar-map-South-Africa-en.png]]<br/>
+Most areas in South Africa average more than 2 500 hours of sunshine per year, and average solar-radiation levels range between 4.5 and 6.5kWh/m2 in one day. The southern African region, and in fact the whole of Africa, has sunshine all year round. The annual 24-hour global solar radiation average is about 220 W/m2 for South Africa, compared with about 150 W/m2 for parts of the USA, and about 100 W/m2 for Europe and the United Kingdom. This makes South Africa's local resource one of the highest in the world. <ref>http://www.energy.gov.za/files/esources/renewables/r_solar.html</ref> [[File:South Africa Solar Map.png|center|450px|alt=South Africa Solar Map.png|link=http://solargis.info/doc/_pics/freemaps/1000px/ghi/SolarGIS-Solar-map-South-Africa-en.png]]<br/>The South-west region has the most potential for solar in South Africa as can be seen from the above graph. <br/>
 The South-west region has the most potential for solar in South Africa as can be seen from the above graph.
-[[South_Africa_Energy_Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
+In 1990, only 35% of total South Africans had access to electricity. In 1999, the Government launched the Integrated National Electrification Programme (INEP) to promote solar home systems (SHSs) to tackle energy access. By early 2000s, around&nbsp; 40,000–60,000 SHSs were installed but demand fell after the Electricity for all campaign (as off-grid communities were expecting the grid). The goverment also launched the National energy acess polices but these policies did not prioriteize off-grid solutions. Therefore, although the market for solar products increased overall in Africa, the SHS sector in South Africa remains relatively small in 2018.<ref name="https://infohub.practicalaction.org/bitstream/handle/11283/621079/PPEO_Web_lowres.pdf?sequence=1">https://infohub.practicalaction.org/bitstream/handle/11283/621079/PPEO_Web_lowres.pdf?sequence=1</ref>&nbsp;<br/>
 === Market Entry Barrier ===
 <u>There are no particular barriers for entering the market but following Steps need to be followed for setting up a Solar Power Plant/Project:</u>
 #Application-Department of Energy(DOE) invite Potential developers to submit their application/ proposals
 #Allotment -DOE with then assign a particular developer for the project after considering thier prices, proposals etc. It is a confidential process within DOE.
@@ Line 60: / Line 66: @@
 #EPC- The sucessful bidder/project owner/ developer then hire an Engineering, Procurement and Constrcution (EPC) company for sucessful implementation of the project.
 #Commissioning- EPC handover the project to the owner after commisoning of the project and connecting it to the Grid .
-[[South_Africa_Energy_Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
-<br/>
+[[South Africa Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
 == Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) ==
 <span lang="en-gb">Foursuccessful bids from the REI4P were allocated 300 MW:</span>

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 |CES Country Name=South Africa
 |CES Country Capital=Pretoria
-|CES Country Region Africa=Africa
+|CES Country Region Africa = Sub-Saharan Africa
 |CES Country Coordinates=30.0000° S, 25.0000° E
 }}