Solar Drying - Revision history

Rebecca Navarro: /* Coffee processing with solar dryers in Peru */

2019-06-17T09:57:21Z

Coffee processing with solar dryers in Peru

Rebecca Navarro: /* Solar Dryers */

2019-06-17T08:46:49Z

Solar Dryers

Rebecca Navarro: /* Solar Dryers */

2019-06-17T08:45:56Z

Solar Dryers

Ranisha at 08:47, 16 July 2018

2018-07-16T08:47:26Z

Johanna at 12:09, 8 June 2018

2018-06-08T12:09:16Z

Rebecca Navarro: /* Drying chili peppers with solar dryers in Peru */

2018-06-08T09:52:46Z

Drying chili peppers with solar dryers in Peru

Rebecca Navarro: /* Coffee processing with solar dryers in Peru */

2018-06-08T09:51:04Z

Coffee processing with solar dryers in Peru

Rebecca Navarro: /* Solar Dryers */

2018-06-08T09:47:14Z

Solar Dryers

Rebecca Navarro: /* Drying oregano with solar dryers in Peru */

2018-06-08T09:18:20Z

Drying oregano with solar dryers in Peru

Rebecca Navarro: /* Drying chili peppers with solar dryers in Peru */

2018-06-08T09:11:50Z

Drying chili peppers with solar dryers in Peru

@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 = Project examples =
 == Coffee processing with solar dryers in Peru<br/> ==
-<span lang="en-gb">Energising Development Peru promotes solar dryers among individual smallholder coffee farmers for the first drying period,during which the humidity of the beans is reduced to around 25 per cent. The solar dryer improves the drying process by filtering UV radiation, concentrating heat, reducing the relative humidity of the air and thus drying the beans with constant and natural ventilation. However, coffee can only be stored and exported at a lower level of humidity. A second drying phase is therefore required, that reduces the humidity of the beans to around 12 per cent; this phase takes place in a bigger solar dryer with a capacity for up to 2 tonnes of coffee, which is managed by farmers’ associations. Victoria Esteban Fuentes has a farm of two hectares in Santa Anita, Satipo, Peru. Before the adoption of the new solar dryer, approximately 70 per cent of Victoria’s coffee harvest met export standards. The solar dryer has increased this rate by eight per cent. Victoria’s income has therefore increased by PEN 2,400 (USD 885) or 30 per cent per annum. The investment in an efficient solar dryer certainly paid off for her. Please find further information at [http://www.produse.org/imglib/downloads/energy_sources/PRODUSE-Factsheet-Peru.pdf http://www.produse.org/imglib/downloads/energy_sources/PRODUSE-Factsheet-Peru.pdf]</span><br/>
+<span lang="en-gb">Energising Development Peru promotes solar dryers among individual smallholder coffee farmers for the first drying period, during which the humidity of the beans is reduced to around 25 per cent. The solar dryer improves the drying process by filtering UV radiation, concentrating heat, reducing the relative humidity of the air and thus drying the beans with constant and natural ventilation. However, coffee can only be stored and exported at a lower level of humidity. A second drying phase is therefore required, that reduces the humidity of the beans to around 12 per cent; this phase takes place in a bigger solar dryer with a capacity for up to 2 tonnes of coffee, which is managed by farmers’ associations. Victoria Esteban Fuentes has a farm of two hectares in Santa Anita, Satipo, Peru. Before the adoption of the new solar dryer, approximately 70 per cent of Victoria’s coffee harvest met export standards. The solar dryer has increased this rate by eight per cent. Victoria’s income has therefore increased by PEN 2,400 (USD 885) or 30 per cent per annum. The investment in an efficient solar dryer certainly paid off for her. Please find further information at [http://www.produse.org/imglib/downloads/energy_sources/PRODUSE-Factsheet-Peru.pdf http://www.produse.org/imglib/downloads/energy_sources/PRODUSE-Factsheet-Peru.pdf]</span><br/>
 [[File:GIZ Peru Quiroz Solar drying inside.jpg|thumb|left|350px|Drying within a solar dryer protects the yield against spoiling by rain or wind and animals (Source: J. C. Quiroz, GIZ EnDev Peru).]]
@@ Line 62: / Line 63: @@
 <br/>
 == <br/>Drying peaches with solar dryers in Bolivia<br/> ==

@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 <br/>
@@ Line 32: / Line 33: @@
 A simple overview about '''different types of solar dryers''' can be found [https://gc21.giz.de/ibt/var/app/wp385P/2624/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/PAEGC_MOOC_COMPILED_READER.pdf#page=54 here].<br/>
-The '''Hohenheim‖-type solar tunnel''' dryer combines simple construction, use of renewable energy and easy handling. The model is equipped with a photovoltaic (PV) driving fan with a power requirement of 20-40 W. The thermal energy gained from solar radiation is up to 60 kWh/day (equivalent to 15 kg of firewood). As a cooperative development between the Institute for Agricultural Engineering in the Tropics and Subtropics of Hohenheim University and INNOTECH Engineering Ltd., solar tunnel dryers are in commercial operation in more than 60 countries all over the world.<ref>GIZ-HERA (2011): Modern Energy Services for Modern Agriculture - A Review of Smallholder Farming in Developing Countries.</ref>There is a guidance paper on how to install a solar tunnel dryer with explanations and pictures, available at: [http://www.ats.uni-hohenheim.de/_deutsche_site/projekte/_pdf/Guidance.pdf http://www.ats.uni-hohenheim.de/_deutsche_site/projekte/_pdf/Guidance.pdf].<br/>
+The '''Hohenheim ‖-type solar tunnel''' dryer combines simple construction, use of renewable energy and easy handling. The model is equipped with a photovoltaic (PV) driving fan with a power requirement of 20-40 W. The thermal energy gained from solar radiation is up to 60 kWh/day (equivalent to 15 kg of firewood). As a cooperative development between the Institute for Agricultural Engineering in the Tropics and Subtropics of Hohenheim University and INNOTECH Engineering Ltd., solar tunnel dryers are in commercial operation in more than 60 countries all over the world.<ref>GIZ-HERA (2011): Modern Energy Services for Modern Agriculture - A Review of Smallholder Farming in Developing Countries.</ref>There is a guidance paper on how to install a solar tunnel dryer with explanations and pictures, available at: [http://www.ats.uni-hohenheim.de/_deutsche_site/projekte/_pdf/Guidance.pdf http://www.ats.uni-hohenheim.de/_deutsche_site/projekte/_pdf/Guidance.pdf].<br/>
 <br/>

@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 <br/>
 = Solar Dryers<br/> =
@@ Line 28: / Line 29: @@
 [[File:GIZ Pereyra Bolivia Solar drying.JPG|thumb|left|400px|Solar drying in Bolivia (Source: N. Pereya, GIZ EnDev Bolivia).]] There are different types of solar dryers, such as direct drying (solar box dryer), indirect drying (solar cabinet dryer), mixed mode drying (solar tunnel dryer) or hybrid drying (hybrid solar/biomass cabinet dryer). Small-scale solar box and cabinet dryers are based on natural air convection, while solar tunnel dryer is based on forced convection (air circulation fan necessary).<br/>
 A simple overview about '''different types of solar dryers''' can be found [https://gc21.giz.de/ibt/var/app/wp385P/2624/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/PAEGC_MOOC_COMPILED_READER.pdf#page=54 here].<br/>
@@ Line 41: / Line 40: @@
 *Axtell, Barrie/ Swetman, Tony (2002): [https://practicalaction.org/small-scale-drying-technologies Small-scale Drying Technologies], Published by Practical Action. This Technical Brief describes improved drying systems that suitable for use by small-scale producers.
 *Häuser, M./ Ankila, O. (1997): Solar Drying in Morocco - Experience with Solar Drying in Marocco from the GTZ Special Energy Programme (SEP); Overview on technologies, drying techniques, and economics.
-*Green, Matthew G./ Schwarz, Dishna (2001): [[:File:Green_Schwarz_(2001)_Solar_Drier_Plans_PGCP_Coconut_Drier_and_Kenya_Black_Box_Drier.pdf|Solar Drier Plans: PGCP Coconut Drier and Kenya Black Box Drier; GTZ-GATE. 2001]]
+*Green, Matthew G./ Schwarz, Dishna (2001): [[:File:Green Schwarz (2001) Solar Drier Plans PGCP Coconut Drier and Kenya Black Box Drier.pdf|Solar Drier Plans: PGCP Coconut Drier and Kenya Black Box Drier; GTZ-GATE. 2001]]
-*Green, Matthew G./ Schwarz, Dishna (2001): [[:File:Green_Schwarz_(2001)_Solar_Drying_Technology_for_Food_Preservation.pdf|Solar Drying Technology for Food Preservation; GTZ-GATE 2001]]. This publication presents possibilities of solar drying with a focus on technical needs, classification of driers and selection criteria´s. Moreover the publication provides information on moisture content of foods, drier components, the drying process, and the capabilities of solar driers.
+*Green, Matthew G./ Schwarz, Dishna (2001): [[:File:Green Schwarz (2001) Solar Drying Technology for Food Preservation.pdf|Solar Drying Technology for Food Preservation; GTZ-GATE 2001]]. This publication presents possibilities of solar drying with a focus on technical needs, classification of driers and selection criteria´s. Moreover the publication provides information on moisture content of foods, drier components, the drying process, and the capabilities of solar driers.
-*Green, Matthew G./ Schwarz, Dishna (2001): [[:File:Greeen_Schwarz_(2001)_Solar_Drying_Equipment_Notes_on_Three_Driers.pdf|Solar Drying Equipment GATE 2001]]; GTZ-GATE.
+*Green, Matthew G./ Schwarz, Dishna (2001): [[:File:Greeen Schwarz (2001) Solar Drying Equipment Notes on Three Driers.pdf|Solar Drying Equipment GATE 2001]]; GTZ-GATE.
 *Swetman, Tony (2012): [https://practicalaction.org/solar-drying-séchage-solaire Séchage Solaire], published by Practical Action. La chaleur du soleil, associée au vent, est utilisée pour sécher les cultures vivrières, dans le but de leur conservation, depuis des milliers d'années.
 *Noble, Neil (2002): [https://practicalaction.org/a-simple-solar-dryer A Simple Solar Dryer], published by Practical Action. This dryer is a mud brick construction built close to the ground using low-cost materials for all its parts.
@@ Line 49: / Line 48: @@
 <br/>
 = Project examples =

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:47, 16 July 2018
Line 1:		Line 1:
−
	{{Hera}}<br/>		{{Hera}}<br/>

Line 143:		Line 142:

	{{#set: Hera category=Extra}}		{{#set: Hera category=Extra}}
		+
		+	[[Category:Cooking_Energy_Compendium_(GIZ_HERA)]]
		+	[[Category:Solar_Dryers]]
		+	[[Category:Solar]]
		+	[[Category:Powering_Agriculture]]

@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 <br/>
 = Solar Dryers<br/> =
@@ Line 28: / Line 29: @@
 [[File:GIZ Pereyra Bolivia Solar drying.JPG|thumb|left|400px|Solar drying in Bolivia (Source: N. Pereya, GIZ EnDev Bolivia).]] There are different types of solar dryers, such as direct drying (solar box dryer), indirect drying (solar cabinet dryer), mixed mode drying (solar tunnel dryer) or hybrid drying (hybrid solar/biomass cabinet dryer). Small-scale solar box and cabinet dryers are based on natural air convection, while solar tunnel dryer is based on forced convection (air circulation fan necessary).<br/>
 A simple overview about '''different types of solar dryers''' can be found [https://gc21.giz.de/ibt/var/app/wp385P/2624/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/PAEGC_MOOC_COMPILED_READER.pdf#page=54 here].<br/>
@@ Line 39: / Line 42: @@
 *Axtell, Barrie/ Swetman, Tony (2002): [https://practicalaction.org/small-scale-drying-technologies Small-scale Drying Technologies], Published by Practical Action. This Technical Brief describes improved drying systems that suitable for use by small-scale producers.
 *Häuser, M./ Ankila, O. (1997): Solar Drying in Morocco - Experience with Solar Drying in Marocco from the GTZ Special Energy Programme (SEP); Overview on technologies, drying techniques, and economics.
-*Green, Matthew G./ Schwarz, Dishna (2001): [http://www.gate-international.org/documents/techbriefs/webdocs/pdfs/e16e_2001.pdf Solar Drier Plans: PGCP Coconut Drier and Kenya Black Box Drier; GTZ-GATE.]
+*Green, Matthew G./ Schwarz, Dishna (2001): [[:File:Green_Schwarz_(2001)_Solar_Drier_Plans_PGCP_Coconut_Drier_and_Kenya_Black_Box_Drier.pdf|Solar Drier Plans: PGCP Coconut Drier and Kenya Black Box Drier; GTZ-GATE. 2001]]
-*Green, Matthew G./ Schwarz, Dishna (2001): [http://www.gate-international.org/documents/techbriefs/webdocs/pdfs/e014e_2002.pdf Solar Drying Technology for Food Preservation; GTZ-GATE]. This publication presents possibilities of solar drying with a focus on technical needs, classification of driers and selection criteria´s. Moreover the publication provides information on moisture content of foods, drier components, the drying process, and the capabilities of solar driers.
+*Green, Matthew G./ Schwarz, Dishna (2001): [[:File:Green_Schwarz_(2001)_Solar_Drying_Technology_for_Food_Preservation.pdf|Solar Drying Technology for Food Preservation; GTZ-GATE 2001]]. This publication presents possibilities of solar drying with a focus on technical needs, classification of driers and selection criteria´s. Moreover the publication provides information on moisture content of foods, drier components, the drying process, and the capabilities of solar driers.
-*Green, Matthew G./ Schwarz, Dishna (2001): [http://www.gate-international.org/documents/techbriefs/webdocs/pdfs/e015e_2002.pdf Solar Drying Equipment: Notes on Three Driers]; GTZ-GATE.
+*Green, Matthew G./ Schwarz, Dishna (2001): [[:File:Greeen_Schwarz_(2001)_Solar_Drying_Equipment_Notes_on_Three_Driers.pdf|Solar Drying Equipment GATE 2001]]; GTZ-GATE.
 *Swetman, Tony (2012): [https://practicalaction.org/solar-drying-séchage-solaire Séchage Solaire], published by Practical Action. La chaleur du soleil, associée au vent, est utilisée pour sécher les cultures vivrières, dans le but de leur conservation, depuis des milliers d'années.
 *Noble, Neil (2002): [https://practicalaction.org/a-simple-solar-dryer A Simple Solar Dryer], published by Practical Action. This dryer is a mud brick construction built close to the ground using low-cost materials for all its parts.
@@ Line 47: / Line 50: @@
 <br/>
 = Project examples =
 == Coffee processing with solar dryers in Peru<br/> ==
@@ Line 62: / Line 61: @@
 [[File:GIZ Peru Quiroz Solar drying.jpg|thumb|right|350px|The tent out of the protective plastic film increases the drying process extremly (Source: J. C. Quiroz, GIZ EnDev Peru).]]
 == <br/>Drying peaches with solar dryers in Bolivia<br/> ==
@@ Line 69: / Line 69: @@
 <br/>
 == Drying oregano with solar dryers in Peru<br/> ==
@@ Line 90: / Line 91: @@
 <br/><br/>
+<br/>
 == <br/>Drying chili peppers with solar dryers in Peru<br/> ==
@@ Line 112: / Line 113: @@
 <br/>
 = Further Information<br/> =

@@ Line 89: / Line 89: @@
 <br/><br/>
 == <br/>Drying chili peppers with solar dryers in Peru<br/> ==
-The Association of Agricultural Producers of Chili [[File:ChiliSolarDryingPeru.jpg|thumb|500px|The technologies for the drying of chili peppers are developed in conjunction with local producers(Source: C. Bertello, GIZ EnDev Peru).]] Peppers of Inclán is looking to enter into the program AGROIDEAS in order to finance technologies that would permit it to elevate its productivity. This process is participatory and seeks to generate a change in the manner in which the challenges of agricultural production are affronted. Looking to the future on the large scale is what we need.
+The Association of Agricultural Producers of Chili [[File:ChiliSolarDryingPeru.jpg|thumb|500px|The technologies for the drying of chili peppers are developed in conjunction with local producers (Source: C. Bertello, GIZ EnDev Peru).]] Peppers of Inclán is looking to enter into the program AGROIDEAS in order to finance technologies that would permit it to elevate its productivity. This process is participatory and seeks to generate a change in the manner in which the challenges of agricultural production are affronted. Looking to the future on the large scale is what we need.
 The principal advantage of using a dryer is that the product is not contaminated. Normally, the drying process is carried out on the soil and the product is exposed to the impurities of the earth and to the birds and other animals that loiter around the product. Additionally, with the dryer, time is saved and a uniform product quality can be obtained.

@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 <br/>
 = Solar Dryers<br/> =
-'''Solar dryers '''require a certain investment for the set-up of the appliance, but no expenditures for the fuel. The basic function of a solar dryer is to heat air to a constant temperature with solar energy, which facilitates extraction of humidity from crops inside a drying chamber. Ventilation is enabled at a constant rate through defined air inlets and outlets, small solar ventilators or temperature difference, either due to exposition or vertical height. In direct sun driers the food is put in boxes with a transparent lid. Additionally, the temperature in the drier is raised due to the greenhouse effect and the air exchange is regulated by vents. The food is not exposed to direct sunlight in indirect sun driers as the fresh air is heated separately from the food chamber. This method is preferable for drying foods which lose nutritional value when exposed to direct sunlight. Hybrid driers combine solar energy with a fossil fuel or biomass fuel (Green and Schwarz, 2001a).<br/>
+'''Solar dryers '''require a certain investment for the set-up [[File:Schematic of Solar Dryer.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Schematic view of a solar dryer]] of the appliance, but no expenditures for the fuel. The basic function of a solar dryer is to heat air to a constant temperature with solar energy, which facilitates extraction of humidity from crops inside a drying chamber. Ventilation is enabled at a constant rate through defined air inlets and outlets, small solar ventilators or temperature difference, either due to exposition or vertical height. In direct sun driers the food is put in boxes with a transparent lid. Additionally, the temperature in the drier is raised due to the greenhouse effect and the air exchange is regulated by vents. The food is not exposed to direct sunlight in indirect sun driers as the fresh air is heated separately from the food chamber. This method is preferable for drying foods which lose nutritional value when exposed to direct sunlight. Hybrid driers combine solar energy with a fossil fuel or biomass fuel (Green and Schwarz, 2001a).<br/>
-[[File:Schematic of Solar Dryer.JPG|right|350px|alt=Schematic of Solar Dryer.JPG]]A first step when considering solar drying is to compare the different drying options available. Solar drying will only be successful, when it shows tangible benefits in comparison to existing drying methods. In comparison to the traditional way of drying outside in an open field, solar dryers prevent contamination of produce by dust, insects, etc., thereby ensuring quality. They allow small-scale farmers to transform their harvest into storable and tradable goods, which they can sell off-season at higher prices. The constant temperature and ventilation allows a consistent drying process which results in better product quality and higher prices. However, the investments costs of solar dryers vary highly depending on the size of the solar dryer, locally available materials and environmental conditions, such as slope and exposition of the side, rainy seasons.<ref name="http://www.hedon.info/OptionsForDryingOnASmallScale?bl=y">http://www.hedon.info/OptionsForDryingOnASmallScale?bl=y </ref><ref name="Buchinger, Josef/ Weiss, Wender (n.d.): Solar drying. Training course within the scope of the project: Establishment of a prodution, sales and consulting infrastructure for solar thermal plants in Zimbabwe, Arbeitsgemeinschaft ERNEUERBARE ENERGIE Institute for Sustainable Technologies: Gleisdorf, Austria.">Buchinger, Josef/ Weiss, Wender (n.d.): Solar drying. Training course within the scope of the project: Establishment of a prodution, sales and consulting infrastructure for solar thermal plants in Zimbabwe, Arbeitsgemeinschaft ERNEUERBARE ENERGIE Institute for Sustainable Technologies: Gleisdorf, Austria.</ref><br/>
+A first step when considering solar drying is to compare the different drying options available. Solar drying will only be successful, when it shows tangible benefits in comparison to existing drying methods. In comparison to the traditional way of drying outside in an open field, solar dryers prevent contamination of produce by dust, insects, etc., thereby ensuring quality. They allow small-scale farmers to transform their harvest into storable and tradable goods, which they can sell off-season at higher prices. The constant temperature and ventilation allows a consistent drying process which results in better product quality and higher prices. However, the investments costs of solar dryers vary highly depending on the size of the solar dryer, locally available materials and environmental conditions, such as slope and exposition of the side, rainy seasons.<ref name="http://www.hedon.info/OptionsForDryingOnASmallScale?bl=y">http://www.hedon.info/OptionsForDryingOnASmallScale?bl=y </ref><ref name="Buchinger, Josef/ Weiss, Wender (n.d.): Solar drying. Training course within the scope of the project: Establishment of a prodution, sales and consulting infrastructure for solar thermal plants in Zimbabwe, Arbeitsgemeinschaft ERNEUERBARE ENERGIE Institute for Sustainable Technologies: Gleisdorf, Austria.">Buchinger, Josef/ Weiss, Wender (n.d.): Solar drying. Training course within the scope of the project: Establishment of a prodution, sales and consulting infrastructure for solar thermal plants in Zimbabwe, Arbeitsgemeinschaft ERNEUERBARE ENERGIE Institute for Sustainable Technologies: Gleisdorf, Austria.</ref><br/>
-<br/>
+[[File:GIZ Pereyra Bolivia Solar drying.JPG|thumb|left|400px|Solar drying in Bolivia (Source: N. Pereya, GIZ EnDev Bolivia).]] There are different types of solar dryers, such as direct drying (solar box dryer), indirect drying (solar cabinet dryer), mixed mode drying (solar tunnel dryer) or hybrid drying (hybrid solar/biomass cabinet dryer). Small-scale solar box and cabinet dryers are based on natural air convection, while solar tunnel dryer is based on forced convection (air circulation fan necessary).<br/>
 A simple overview about '''different types of solar dryers''' can be found [https://gc21.giz.de/ibt/var/app/wp385P/2624/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/PAEGC_MOOC_COMPILED_READER.pdf#page=54 here].<br/>
 The '''Hohenheim‖-type solar tunnel''' dryer combines simple construction, use of renewable energy and easy handling. The model is equipped with a photovoltaic (PV) driving fan with a power requirement of 20-40 W. The thermal energy gained from solar radiation is up to 60 kWh/day (equivalent to 15 kg of firewood). As a cooperative development between the Institute for Agricultural Engineering in the Tropics and Subtropics of Hohenheim University and INNOTECH Engineering Ltd., solar tunnel dryers are in commercial operation in more than 60 countries all over the world.<ref>GIZ-HERA (2011): Modern Energy Services for Modern Agriculture - A Review of Smallholder Farming in Developing Countries.</ref>There is a guidance paper on how to install a solar tunnel dryer with explanations and pictures, available at: [http://www.ats.uni-hohenheim.de/_deutsche_site/projekte/_pdf/Guidance.pdf http://www.ats.uni-hohenheim.de/_deutsche_site/projekte/_pdf/Guidance.pdf].<br/>
 === Further reading ===
@@ Line 56: / Line 49: @@
 <br/>
 = Project examples =

@@ Line 83: / Line 83: @@
 <br/>
 == Drying oregano with solar dryers in Peru<br/> ==
-In Candarave, they have dried oregano traditionally for many years. However, the residents have also tried to produce improvised driers (with sheets of mica), but without obtaining the searched for results.<br/>
+In Candarave, they have dried oregano traditionally [[File:OreganoSolarDryingPeru1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|The solar oregano dryers permit a uniform drying in all the seasons of the year (Source: C. Bertello, GIZ EnDev Peru).]] [[File:OreganoSolarDryingPeru2.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Solar drying of oregano allows the entrance<br/>of the product into quality certified commercial chains (Source: C. Bertello, GIZ EnDev Peru).]] for many years. However, the residents have also tried to produce improvised driers (with sheets of mica), but without obtaining the searched for results.<br/>
 Starting with a coffee dryer, we are seeking to develop a similar model for oregano. We are conducting this process jointly with the farmers of the Central Association of Candarave Province Oregano Producers (CEAPRO). In this context, the model is being adjusted to the needs of the zone and the product, such as the degree of hydration, the level of solar radiation, the positioning, and the air flow, besides using and maintaining it properly. The improvement of the product is taken from the proposals and needs of those same agriculturists.<br/>
@@ Line 102: / Line 103: @@
 <br/>
-<span lang="en-gb"></span>
+<br/><br/>