Literature Analysis: Energy in Agriculture - Revision history

Ranisha at 19:01, 14 July 2020

2020-07-14T19:01:16Z

Lisafeldmann at 11:33, 27 July 2017

2017-07-27T11:33:56Z

Stefan Eibisch: /* Further Information */

2016-04-01T13:00:39Z

Further Information

Stefan Eibisch: /* Further Information */

2016-04-01T12:38:43Z

Further Information

Laura Jakobeit at 09:59, 22 July 2015

2015-07-22T09:59:15Z

Manuela Guenther: /* Literature Overview: Energy and Agriculture */

2015-03-24T12:08:45Z

Literature Overview: Energy and Agriculture

Laura Jakobeit at 08:26, 17 March 2015

2015-03-17T08:26:11Z

Show changes

Laura Jakobeit at 10:39, 28 October 2014

2014-10-28T10:39:34Z

Wiki Gardener: /* Literature Overview: Energy and Agriculture */

2014-10-10T13:46:18Z

Literature Overview: Energy and Agriculture

Wiki Gardener at 13:32, 10 October 2014

2014-10-10T13:32:31Z

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 = Overview<br/> =
@@ Line 31: / Line 30: @@
 *[http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2456e/i2456e00.pdf FAO. Policy Brief: The Case for Energy-Smart Food]<br/>
-*[[Portal:Powering Agriculture|Powering Agriculture Portal on energypedia]]<br/>
+*[[Portal:Water and Energy for Food|Water and Energy for Food (WE4F) portal on energypedia]]
 *[[Energy for Agriculture|Energy for Agriculture]]<br/>
 *FAO Study: [[Opportunities for Agri-Food Chains to become Energy-Smart|Opportunities for Agri-Food Chains to become Energy-Smart]]<br/>
@@ Line 44: / Line 43: @@
 <references /><br/>
 [[Category:Powering_Agriculture]]

@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 <br/>
+<br/>
 = Further Information<br/> =
@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 <br/>
 = References =
@@ Line 43: / Line 44: @@
 <references /><br/>
 [[Category:Renewable_Energy]]

@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 <br/>
@@ Line 31: / Line 32: @@
 *[http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2456e/i2456e00.pdf FAO. Policy Brief: The Case for Energy-Smart Food]<br/>
 *[[Portal:Powering Agriculture|Powering Agriculture Portal on energypedia]]<br/>
-*[[Energy_for_Agriculture|Energy for Agriculture]]<br/>
+*[[Energy for Agriculture|Energy for Agriculture]]<br/>
-*FAO Study: [[Opportunities_for_Agri-Food_Chains_to_become_Energy-Smart|Opportunities for Agri-Food Chains to become Energy-Smart]]<br/>
+*FAO Study: [[Opportunities for Agri-Food Chains to become Energy-Smart|Opportunities for Agri-Food Chains to become Energy-Smart]]<br/>
-*[[File:GIZ_HERA_Modern_Energy_Services_for_Modern_Agriculture_(EN).pdf|Energy Services for Modern Agriculture]]<br/>
+*GIZ Study: [http://www.water-energy-food.org/documents/giz/energy-services-for-modern-agriculture.pdf Energy Services for Modern Agriculture]<br/>
 <br/>

@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 <br/>
 = Further Information =
 *[http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2456e/i2456e00.pdf FAO. Policy Brief: The Case for Energy-Smart Food]<br/>
 *[[Portal:Powering Agriculture|Powering Agriculture Portal on energypedia]]<br/>
 <br/>
 = References =

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 = Overview<br/> =
 The lack of comprehensive energy centred analyses along agricultural value chains at global level is reflected – with a few exceptions – in literature. In recent years, most notably the [http://www.fao.org/home/en/ FAO] worked globally and holistically on the topic, and produced various publications (e.g. "''The Energy and Agriculture Nexus''"<ref name="FAO, 2000b">FAO, 2000b: The Energy and Agriculture Nexus – Environment and Natural Resources Working Paper No. 4</ref>, "''Solar PV for sustainable agriculture and rural development'' "<ref name="FAO, 2000a">FAO, 2000a: Solar photovoltaics for sustainable agriculture and rural development – Environmental and Natural Resources Working Paper No.2</ref>, "''Energy Smart Food for People and Climate''"<ref name="FAO, 2011">FAO, 2011: “Energy-smart” food for people and climate – Issue PaperfckLR</ref>, "''Climate Smart Agriculture''").
-<br/>
+The lack of comprehensive energy centred analyses along agricultural value chains at global level is reflected – with a few exceptions – in literature. In recent years, most notably the [http://www.fao.org/home/en/ FAO] worked globally and holistically on the topic, and produced various publications (e.g. "''The Energy and Agriculture Nexus''"<ref name="FAO, 2000b">FAO, 2000b: The Energy and Agriculture Nexus – Environment and Natural Resources Working Paper No. 4</ref>, "''Solar PV for sustainable agriculture and rural development'' "<ref name="FAO, 2000a">FAO, 2000a: Solar photovoltaics for sustainable agriculture and rural development – Environmental and Natural Resources Working Paper No.2</ref>, "''Energy Smart Food for People and Climate''"<ref name="FAO, 2011">FAO, 2011: “Energy-smart” food for people and climate – Issue PaperfckLR</ref>, "''Climate Smart Agriculture''").<br/>Though further publications deal with the subject, provide incentives as well as selective potential solutions, there is a lack of comprehensive analyses of energy input and outputs along the entire value chain of an agricultural product. Likewise, analyses of successful models for market-based energy technologies exist only selectively. However, one can clearly notice that holistic approaches and “''greening value chains''" have been becoming more and more important – due to the increasing demand for socially and environmentally responsible products. Even though the focus is on analyses regarding greenhouse gas emissions, those analyses can be used as a proxy for energy use. In addition, analyses of energy and material flow within the production of bioenergy increase – providing potential points of contact. Nevertheless, in many lines of production it remains unclear which optimization potentials in a region are to be reached both economically and practically.<br/><br/>
 = Literature Overview: Energy and Agriculture<br/> =
-Already in 1979, the work on "''Agriculture and Energy''" was published by the German umbrella organization DAF<ref>DAF, Dachverband wissenschaftlicher Gesellschaften der Agrar-, Forst-, Ernährungs-, Veterinär-, und Umweltforschung, 1979: Agrarwirtschaft und Energie</ref> – however, limited to Germany. The publication "<span lang="en-us">[[:File:Energy_Services_for_Modern_Agriculture.pdf|Modern Energy Services for Modern Agriculture]]</span>" by GIZ HERA (2011) outlines energy inputs along agricultural value chains and various applications of renewable energies for different stations (irrigation, cooling, ...)<ref name="HERA, 2011">HERA, 2011 Modern Energy Services for Modern Agriculture – A review of Smallholder Farming in Developing Countries</ref>. Nevertheless, this publication also lacks concrete data and facts, as well as an analysis of important branches of production such as aquaculture and agroforestry systems. In its publication "''Energy Efficiency Improvement in Agriculture''" the German Federation of Chambers of Agriculture (2009)<ref>Verband der LW-Kammern, 2009: Energieeffizienzverbesserung in der Landwirtschaft</ref> explains the essential energy consumption points of different branches of production and gives recommendations for farmers. Even though, it is limited to the conditions in Germany as well, this hand-out provides a good basis for advisory. Bioenergy sustainability indicators have been developed by the [http://www.globalbioenergy.org/fileadmin/user_upload/gbep/docs/Indicators/The_GBEP_Sustainability_Indicators_for_Bioenergy_FINAL.pdf Global Bioenergy Partnership] (2011)<ref>[http://www.globalbioenergy.org/fileadmin/user_upload/gbep/docs/Indicators/The_GBEP_Sustainability_Indicators_for_Bioenergy_FINAL.pdf GBEP, 2011: The Global Bioenergy Partnership Sustainability Indicators for Bioenergy]</ref>. For example, the [http://www.worldagroforestry.org/ World Agroforestry Centre] works intensively on agroforestry systems, which can contribute to [[:Category:Climate_Change_Mitigation|mitigate climate change]] and to increase soil fertility and thereby contribute to a more positive energy balance. Moreover, agroforestry systems are of particular importance since illegal deforestation as well as inefficient firewood use and its associated impacts on the rural population are widespread problems<ref name="ICRAF, 2011">World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), 2011: Policy Brief 12: Making climate-smart agriculture work for the poor</ref>.<br/>
+Already in 1979, the work on "''Agriculture and Energy''" was published by the German umbrella organization DAF<ref>DAF, Dachverband wissenschaftlicher Gesellschaften der Agrar-, Forst-, Ernährungs-, Veterinär-, und Umweltforschung, 1979: Agrarwirtschaft und Energie</ref> – however, limited to Germany. The publication "<span lang="en-us">[[:File:Energy Services for Modern Agriculture.pdf|Modern Energy Services for Modern Agriculture]]</span>" by GIZ HERA (2011) outlines energy inputs along agricultural value chains and various applications of renewable energies for different stations (irrigation, cooling, ...)<ref name="HERA, 2011">HERA, 2011 Modern Energy Services for Modern Agriculture – A review of Smallholder Farming in Developing Countries</ref>. Nevertheless, this publication also lacks concrete data and facts, as well as an analysis of important branches of production such as aquaculture and agroforestry systems. In its publication "''Energy Efficiency Improvement in Agriculture''" the German Federation of Chambers of Agriculture (2009)<ref>Verband der LW-Kammern, 2009: Energieeffizienzverbesserung in der Landwirtschaft</ref> explains the essential energy consumption points of different branches of production and gives recommendations for farmers. Even though, it is limited to the conditions in Germany as well, this hand-out provides a good basis for advisory. Bioenergy sustainability indicators have been developed by the [http://www.globalbioenergy.org/fileadmin/user_upload/gbep/docs/Indicators/The_GBEP_Sustainability_Indicators_for_Bioenergy_FINAL.pdf Global Bioenergy Partnership] (2011)<ref>[http://www.globalbioenergy.org/fileadmin/user_upload/gbep/docs/Indicators/The_GBEP_Sustainability_Indicators_for_Bioenergy_FINAL.pdf GBEP, 2011: The Global Bioenergy Partnership Sustainability Indicators for Bioenergy]</ref>. For example, the [http://www.worldagroforestry.org/ World Agroforestry Centre] works intensively on agroforestry systems, which can contribute to [[:Category:Climate Change Mitigation|mitigate climate change]] and to increase soil fertility and thereby contribute to a more positive energy balance. Moreover, agroforestry systems are of particular importance since illegal deforestation as well as inefficient firewood use and its associated impacts on the rural population are widespread problems<ref name="ICRAF, 2011">World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), 2011: Policy Brief 12: Making climate-smart agriculture work for the poor</ref>.<br/>
 == Interdependency of Agriculture Productivity and Fossil Fuels ==
-Increasing agricultural production and efficiency is based on increasing energy use; the increasing dependence of prices for agricultural products on the availability of fossil fuels is discussed by the FAO<ref name="FAO, 2000b">FAO, 2000b: The Energy and Agriculture Nexus – Environment and Natural Resources Working Paper No. 4</ref>. As energy user and energy producer the agriculture and food economy can play a significant role above all in the context of [[:Category:Rural_Development|rural development]]<ref name="ICRAF, 2011">World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), 2011: Policy Brief 12: Making climate-smart agriculture work for the poor</ref>. International forums on food safety like the economic platform "''Investing in Food Security: Growing Needs and Opportunities''" deal with the field of energy, agriculture and food security. The sustainable use of energy use is often further hampered by a lack of political and economic conditions, such as subsidies for conventional energy, lack of availability of know-how and funding opportunities<ref name="GFFA, 2013">GFFA, 2013: Internationales Wirtschaftspodium “Investing in Food Security: Growing Needs and Opportunities"</ref>.<br/>
+Increasing agricultural production and efficiency is based on increasing energy use; the increasing dependence of prices for agricultural products on the availability of fossil fuels is discussed by the FAO<ref name="FAO, 2000b">FAO, 2000b: The Energy and Agriculture Nexus – Environment and Natural Resources Working Paper No. 4</ref>. As energy user and energy producer the agriculture and food economy can play a significant role above all in the context of [[:Category:Rural Development|rural development]]<ref name="ICRAF, 2011">World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), 2011: Policy Brief 12: Making climate-smart agriculture work for the poor</ref>. International forums on food safety like the economic platform "''Investing in Food Security: Growing Needs and Opportunities''" deal with the field of energy, agriculture and food security. The sustainable use of energy use is often further hampered by a lack of political and economic conditions, such as subsidies for conventional energy, lack of availability of know-how and funding opportunities<ref name="GFFA, 2013">GFFA, 2013: Internationales Wirtschaftspodium “Investing in Food Security: Growing Needs and Opportunities"</ref>.<br/>
 == Indirect Energy Use ==
@@ Line 27: / Line 24: @@
 Also in the area of packaging efficiency, potentials are indicated in the literature<ref name="FAO, 2000b">FAO, 2000b: The Energy and Agriculture Nexus – Environment and Natural Resources Working Paper No. 4</ref>. Furthermore, it is pointed out that waste of resources is not always due to technology, but&nbsp;also due to&nbsp;the type of use or practices, such as the use of fertilizer or maintenance of machineries<ref name="ICRAF, 2011">World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), 2011: Policy Brief 12: Making climate-smart agriculture work for the poor</ref>. Access to microfinance systems and cooperation between private and public sector are considered urgently necessary to create appropriate political, social, legal, economic and qualifying conditions<ref name="GFFA, 2013">GFFA, 2013: Internationales Wirtschaftspodium “Investing in Food Security: Growing Needs and Opportunities"</ref>. Comprehensive training of all actors such as technology providers, financial institutions, and energy service companies, consultants, and in particular farmers, on the topic of sustainable production and use of energy are cited as a basis for sustainable development in various publications (FAO, 2010<ref name="FAO, 2010">FAO, 2010: Climate-Smart Agriculture – Policies, Practices and Financing for Food Security, Adaptation and Mitigation</ref>; HERA, 2011<ref name="HERA, 2011">HERA, 2011 Modern Energy Services for Modern Agriculture – A review of Smallholder Farming in Developing CountriesfckLR</ref>; ICRAF, 2011<ref name="ICRAF, 2011">World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), 2011: Policy Brief 12: Making climate-smart agriculture work for the poor</ref>; CGIAR<ref>CGIAR, 2012: Achieving food security in the face of climate change – Final report from the Commission on Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change</ref>, 2012).<br/>
 = Further Information =
-*[[Portal:Powering Agriculture|Powering Agriculture Portal on energypedia]]
+*[http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2456e/i2456e00.pdf FAO. Policy Brief: The Case for Energy-Smart Food]<br/>
 <br/>
 = References =
 <references /><br/>
 [[Category:Powering_Agriculture]]

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 <br/>
 <br/>
 = Literature Overview: Energy and Agriculture =
-Already in 1979, the work on "''Agriculture and Energy''" was published by the German umbrella organization DAF<ref>DAF, Dachverband wissenschaftlicher Gesellschaften der Agrar-, Forst-, Ernährungs-, Veterinär-, und Umweltforschung, 1979: Agrarwirtschaft und Energie</ref> – however limited to Germany. The publication "<span lang="en-us">[[:File:Energy Services for Modern Agriculture.pdf|Modern Energy Services for Modern Agriculture]]</span>" by GIZ HERA (2011) outlines energy inputs along agricultural value chains and various applications of renewable energies for different stations (irrigation, cooling, ...)<ref name="HERA, 2011">HERA, 2011 Modern Energy Services for Modern Agriculture – A review of Smallholder Farming in Developing Countries</ref>. Nevertheless, also this publication lacks concrete data and facts, as well as an analysis of important branches of production such as aquaculture and agroforestry systems.
+= Literature Overview: Energy and Agriculture<br/> =
 In its publication "''Energy Efficiency Improvement in Agriculture''" the German Federation of Chambers of Agriculture (2009)<ref>Verband der LW-Kammern, 2009: Energieeffizienzverbesserung in der Landwirtschaft</ref> explains the essential energy consumption points of different branches of production and gives recommendations for farmers. Even though it is limited to the conditions in Germany as well, this hand-out provides a good basis for advisory.
-Bioenergy sustainability indicators have been developed by the [http://www.globalbioenergy.org/fileadmin/user_upload/gbep/docs/Indicators/The_GBEP_Sustainability_Indicators_for_Bioenergy_FINAL.pdf Global Bioenergy Partnership] (2011)<ref>[http://www.globalbioenergy.org/fileadmin/user_upload/gbep/docs/Indicators/The_GBEP_Sustainability_Indicators_for_Bioenergy_FINAL.pdf GBEP, 2011: The Global Bioenergy Partnership Sustainability Indicators for Bioenergy]</ref>. For example, the [http://www.worldagroforestry.org/ World Agroforestry Centre] works intensively on agroforestry systems, which can contribute to [[:Category:Climate Change Mitigation|mitigate climate change]] and to increase soil fertility, and thereby contribute to a more positive energy balance. Moreover, agroforestry systems are of particular importance since illegal deforestation as well as inefficient firewood use and its associated impacts on the rural population are widespread problems<ref name="ICRAF, 2011">World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), 2011: Policy Brief 12: Making climate-smart agriculture work for the poor</ref>.
+Already in 1979, the work on "''Agriculture and Energy''" was published by the German umbrella organization DAF<ref>DAF, Dachverband wissenschaftlicher Gesellschaften der Agrar-, Forst-, Ernährungs-, Veterinär-, und Umweltforschung, 1979: Agrarwirtschaft und Energie</ref> – however, limited to Germany. The publication "<span lang="en-us">[[:File:Energy_Services_for_Modern_Agriculture.pdf|Modern Energy Services for Modern Agriculture]]</span>" by GIZ HERA (2011) outlines energy inputs along agricultural value chains and various applications of renewable energies for different stations (irrigation, cooling, ...)<ref name="HERA, 2011">HERA, 2011 Modern Energy Services for Modern Agriculture – A review of Smallholder Farming in Developing Countries</ref>. Nevertheless, this publication also lacks concrete data and facts, as well as an analysis of important branches of production such as aquaculture and agroforestry systems. In its publication "''Energy Efficiency Improvement in Agriculture''" the German Federation of Chambers of Agriculture (2009)<ref>Verband der LW-Kammern, 2009: Energieeffizienzverbesserung in der Landwirtschaft</ref> explains the essential energy consumption points of different branches of production and gives recommendations for farmers. Even though, it is limited to the conditions in Germany as well, this hand-out provides a good basis for advisory. Bioenergy sustainability indicators have been developed by the [http://www.globalbioenergy.org/fileadmin/user_upload/gbep/docs/Indicators/The_GBEP_Sustainability_Indicators_for_Bioenergy_FINAL.pdf Global Bioenergy Partnership] (2011)<ref>[http://www.globalbioenergy.org/fileadmin/user_upload/gbep/docs/Indicators/The_GBEP_Sustainability_Indicators_for_Bioenergy_FINAL.pdf GBEP, 2011: The Global Bioenergy Partnership Sustainability Indicators for Bioenergy]</ref>. For example, the [http://www.worldagroforestry.org/ World Agroforestry Centre] works intensively on agroforestry systems, which can contribute to [[:Category:Climate_Change_Mitigation|mitigate climate change]] and to increase soil fertility and thereby contribute to a more positive energy balance. Moreover, agroforestry systems are of particular importance since illegal deforestation as well as inefficient firewood use and its associated impacts on the rural population are widespread problems<ref name="ICRAF, 2011">World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), 2011: Policy Brief 12: Making climate-smart agriculture work for the poor</ref>.<br/>
 <br/>
 == Interdependency of Agriculture Productivity and Fossil Fuels ==
-Increasing agricultural production and efficiency is based on increasing energy use; the increasing dependence of prices for agricultural products on the availability of fossil fuels is discussed by the FAO<ref name="FAO, 2000b">FAO, 2000b: The Energy and Agriculture Nexus – Environment and Natural Resources Working Paper No. 4</ref>. As energy user and energy producer the agriculture and food economy can play a significant role above all in the context of [[:Category:Rural Development|rural development]]<ref name="ICRAF, 2011">World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), 2011: Policy Brief 12: Making climate-smart agriculture work for the poor</ref>. International forums on food safety like the economic platform "''Investing in Food Security: Growing Needs and Opportunities''" deal with the field of energy, agriculture and food security. The sustainable use of energy use is often further hampered by a lack of political and economic conditions, such as subsidies for conventional energy, lack of availability of know-how and funding opportunities<ref name="GFFA, 2013">GFFA, 2013: Internationales Wirtschaftspodium “Investing in Food Security: Growing Needs and Opportunities"</ref>.
-<br/>
+Increasing agricultural production and efficiency is based on increasing energy use; the increasing dependence of prices for agricultural products on the availability of fossil fuels is discussed by the FAO<ref name="FAO, 2000b">FAO, 2000b: The Energy and Agriculture Nexus – Environment and Natural Resources Working Paper No. 4</ref>. As energy user and energy producer the agriculture and food economy can play a significant role above all in the context of [[:Category:Rural_Development|rural development]]<ref name="ICRAF, 2011">World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), 2011: Policy Brief 12: Making climate-smart agriculture work for the poor</ref>. International forums on food safety like the economic platform "''Investing in Food Security: Growing Needs and Opportunities''" deal with the field of energy, agriculture and food security. The sustainable use of energy use is often further hampered by a lack of political and economic conditions, such as subsidies for conventional energy, lack of availability of know-how and funding opportunities<ref name="GFFA, 2013">GFFA, 2013: Internationales Wirtschaftspodium “Investing in Food Security: Growing Needs and Opportunities"</ref>.<br/>
 == Indirect Energy Use ==
 The literature analysis revealed that the greatest potential for improvement in terms of energy use in agriculture lies within the indirect energy use (fertilizers, plant protection agent) and in efficiency measures (insulation, ventilation, maintenance and use of improved technologies, e.g. combustion technologies, etc). Also of great importance is the unexplored potential within the energetic use of waste materials, particularly in the manufacturing sector (e.g. rice husks, bagasse, and palm oil).
-<br/>
+The literature analysis revealed that the greatest potential for improvement in terms of energy use in agriculture lies within the indirect energy use (fertilizers, plant protection agent) and in efficiency measures (insulation, ventilation, maintenance and use of improved technologies, e.g. combustion technologies, etc). Also of great importance is the unexplored potential within the energetic use of waste materials, particularly in the manufacturing sector (e.g. rice husks, bagasse, and palm oil).<br/>
 == Direct Energy Use ==
 Considering the direct use of energy in agricultural production, irrigation is often cited in literature as an example; since on the one hand, it is operated by mostly inefficient and conventional energy sources, while on the other hand irrigation can significantly increase revenues or rather prevent crop failures caused by water stress<ref name="FAO, 2000a">FAO, 2000a: Solar photovoltaics for sustainable agriculture and rural development – Environmental and Natural Resources Working Paper No.2fckLR</ref>. Regarding processing, most cited topics are the deficient efficiency of mills, adequate drying method and cold chains<ref name="HERA, 2011">HERA, 2011 Modern Energy Services for Modern Agriculture – A review of Smallholder Farming in Developing Countries</ref>. In addition, the improper storage of food is an issue which can lead to large losses.
-<br/>
+Considering the direct use of energy in agricultural production, irrigation is often cited in literature as an example; since on the one hand, it is operated by mostly inefficient and conventional energy sources, while on the other hand irrigation can significantly increase revenues or rather prevent crop failures caused by water stress<ref name="FAO, 2000a">FAO, 2000a: Solar photovoltaics for sustainable agriculture and rural development – Environmental and Natural Resources Working Paper No.2fckLR</ref>. Regarding processing, most cited topics are the deficient efficiency of mills, adequate drying method and cold chains<ref name="HERA, 2011">HERA, 2011 Modern Energy Services for Modern Agriculture – A review of Smallholder Farming in Developing Countries</ref>. In addition, the improper storage of food is an issue which can lead to large losses.<br/>
 == Further Focal Areas: Efficient Packaging, Maintenance Practices, Access to Finance, Training Needs ==
-Also in the area of packaging efficiency potentials are indicated in the literature<ref name="FAO, 2000b">FAO, 2000b: The Energy and Agriculture Nexus – Environment and Natural Resources Working Paper No. 4</ref>. Furthermore, it is pointed out that waste of resources is not always due to technology, but on the type of use or practices, such as the use of fertilizer or maintenance of machineries<ref name="ICRAF, 2011">World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), 2011: Policy Brief 12: Making climate-smart agriculture work for the poor</ref>. Access to microfinance systems and cooperation between private and public sector are considered urgently necessary to create appropriate political, social, legal, economic and qualifying conditions<ref name="GFFA, 2013">GFFA, 2013: Internationales Wirtschaftspodium “Investing in Food Security: Growing Needs and Opportunities"</ref>. Comprehensive training of all actors such as technology providers, financial institutions, and energy service companies, consultants, and in particular farmers, on the topic of sustainable production and use of energy are cited as a basis for sustainable development in various publications (FAO, 2010<ref name="FAO, 2010">FAO, 2010: Climate-Smart Agriculture – Policies, Practices and Financing for Food Security, Adaptation and Mitigation</ref>; HERA, 2011<ref name="HERA, 2011">HERA, 2011 Modern Energy Services for Modern Agriculture – A review of Smallholder Farming in Developing CountriesfckLR</ref>; ICRAF, 2011<ref name="ICRAF, 2011">World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), 2011: Policy Brief 12: Making climate-smart agriculture work for the poor</ref>; CGIAR<ref>CGIAR, 2012: Achieving food security in the face of climate change – Final report from the Commission on Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change</ref>, 2012).
+== Further Focal Areas: Efficient Packaging, Maintenance Practices, Access to Finance, Training Needs<br/> ==
 <br/>
 = Further Information =

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 = Overview =
-The lack of comprehensive energy centred analyses along agricultural value chains at global level is reflected – with a few exceptions – in literature. In recent years, most notably the FAO worked globally and holistically on the topic, and produced various publications (e.g. "''The Energy and Agriculture Nexus''"<ref name="FAO, 2000b">FAO, 2000b: The Energy and Agriculture Nexus – Environment and Natural Resources Working Paper No. 4</ref>, "''Solar PV for sustainable agriculture and rural development'' "<ref name="FAO, 2000a">FAO, 2000a: Solar photovoltaics for sustainable agriculture and rural development – Environmental and Natural Resources Working Paper No.2</ref>, "''Energy Smart Food for People and Climate''"<ref name="FAO, 2011">FAO, 2011: “Energy-smart” food for people and climate – Issue PaperfckLR</ref>, "''Climate Smart Agriculture''").
+The lack of comprehensive energy centred analyses along agricultural value chains at global level is reflected – with a few exceptions – in literature. In recent years, most notably the [http://www.fao.org/home/en/ FAO] worked globally and holistically on the topic, and produced various publications (e.g. "''The Energy and Agriculture Nexus''"<ref name="FAO, 2000b">FAO, 2000b: The Energy and Agriculture Nexus – Environment and Natural Resources Working Paper No. 4</ref>, "''Solar PV for sustainable agriculture and rural development'' "<ref name="FAO, 2000a">FAO, 2000a: Solar photovoltaics for sustainable agriculture and rural development – Environmental and Natural Resources Working Paper No.2</ref>, "''Energy Smart Food for People and Climate''"<ref name="FAO, 2011">FAO, 2011: “Energy-smart” food for people and climate – Issue PaperfckLR</ref>, "''Climate Smart Agriculture''").
 <br/>
@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 = Literature Overview: Energy and Agriculture =
-Already in 1979, the work on "''Agriculture and Energy''" was published by the German umbrella organization DAF<ref>DAF, Dachverband wissenschaftlicher Gesellschaften der Agrar-, Forst-, Ernährungs-, Veterinär-, und Umweltforschung, 1979: Agrarwirtschaft und Energie</ref> – however limited to Germany. The publication "<span lang="en-us">Modern Energy Services for Modern Agriculture</span>" by GIZ HERA (2011) outlines energy inputs along agricultural value chains and various applications of renewable energies for different stations (irrigation, cooling, ...)<ref name="HERA, 2011">HERA, 2011 Modern Energy Services for Modern Agriculture – A review of Smallholder Farming in Developing Countries</ref>. Nevertheless, also this publication lacks concrete data and facts, as well as an analysis of important branches of production such as aquaculture and agroforestry systems.
+Already in 1979, the work on "''Agriculture and Energy''" was published by the German umbrella organization DAF<ref>DAF, Dachverband wissenschaftlicher Gesellschaften der Agrar-, Forst-, Ernährungs-, Veterinär-, und Umweltforschung, 1979: Agrarwirtschaft und Energie</ref> – however limited to Germany. The publication "<span lang="en-us">[[:File:Energy_Services_for_Modern_Agriculture.pdf|Modern Energy Services for Modern Agriculture]]</span>" by GIZ HERA (2011) outlines energy inputs along agricultural value chains and various applications of renewable energies for different stations (irrigation, cooling, ...)<ref name="HERA, 2011">HERA, 2011 Modern Energy Services for Modern Agriculture – A review of Smallholder Farming in Developing Countries</ref>. Nevertheless, also this publication lacks concrete data and facts, as well as an analysis of important branches of production such as aquaculture and agroforestry systems.
 In its publication "''Energy Efficiency Improvement in Agriculture''" the German Federation of Chambers of Agriculture (2009)<ref>Verband der LW-Kammern, 2009: Energieeffizienzverbesserung in der Landwirtschaft</ref> explains the essential energy consumption points of different branches of production and gives recommendations for farmers. Even though it is limited to the conditions in Germany as well, this hand-out provides a good basis for advisory.
-Bioenergy sustainability indicators have been developed by the Global Bioenergy Partnership ([http://www.globalbioenergy.org/fileadmin/user_upload/gbep/docs/Indicators/The_GBEP_Sustainability_Indicators_for_Bioenergy_FINAL.pdf 2011])<ref>[http://www.globalbioenergy.org/fileadmin/user_upload/gbep/docs/Indicators/The_GBEP_Sustainability_Indicators_for_Bioenergy_FINAL.pdf GBEP, 2011: The Global Bioenergy Partnership Sustainability Indicators for Bioenergy]</ref>. For example, the World Agroforestry Centre works intensively on agroforestry systems, which can contribute to mitigate climate change and to increase soil fertility, and thereby contribute to a more positive energy balance. Moreover, agroforestry systems are of particular importance since illegal deforestation as well as inefficient firewood use and its associated impacts on the rural population are widespread problems<ref name="ICRAF, 2011">World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), 2011: Policy Brief 12: Making climate-smart agriculture work for the poor</ref>.
+Bioenergy sustainability indicators have been developed by the [http://www.uncsd2012.org/content/documents/625GBEP Presentation.pdf Global Bioenergy Partnership] ([http://www.globalbioenergy.org/fileadmin/user_upload/gbep/docs/Indicators/The_GBEP_Sustainability_Indicators_for_Bioenergy_FINAL.pdf 2011])<ref>[http://www.globalbioenergy.org/fileadmin/user_upload/gbep/docs/Indicators/The_GBEP_Sustainability_Indicators_for_Bioenergy_FINAL.pdf GBEP, 2011: The Global Bioenergy Partnership Sustainability Indicators for Bioenergy]</ref>. For example, the [http://www.worldagroforestry.org/ World Agroforestry Centre] works intensively on agroforestry systems, which can contribute to [[:Category:Climate_Change_Mitigation|mitigate climate change]] and to increase soil fertility, and thereby contribute to a more positive energy balance. Moreover, agroforestry systems are of particular importance since illegal deforestation as well as inefficient firewood use and its associated impacts on the rural population are widespread problems<ref name="ICRAF, 2011">World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), 2011: Policy Brief 12: Making climate-smart agriculture work for the poor</ref>.
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 == Interdependency of Agriculture Productivity and Fossil Fuels ==
-Increasing agricultural production and efficiency is based on increasing energy use; the increasing dependence of prices for agricultural products on the availability of fossil fuels is discussed by the FAO<ref name="FAO, 2000b">FAO, 2000b: The Energy and Agriculture Nexus – Environment and Natural Resources Working Paper No. 4</ref>. As energy user and energy producer the agriculture and food economy can play a significant role above all in the context of rural development<ref name="ICRAF, 2011">World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), 2011: Policy Brief 12: Making climate-smart agriculture work for the poor</ref>. International forums on food safety like the economic platform "''Investing in Food Security: Growing Needs and Opportunities''" deal with the field of energy, agriculture and food security. The sustainable use of energy use is often further hampered by a lack of political and economic conditions, such as subsidies for conventional energy, lack of availability of know-how and funding opportunities<ref name="GFFA, 2013">GFFA, 2013: Internationales Wirtschaftspodium “Investing in Food Security: Growing Needs and Opportunities"</ref>.
+Increasing agricultural production and efficiency is based on increasing energy use; the increasing dependence of prices for agricultural products on the availability of fossil fuels is discussed by the FAO<ref name="FAO, 2000b">FAO, 2000b: The Energy and Agriculture Nexus – Environment and Natural Resources Working Paper No. 4</ref>. As energy user and energy producer the agriculture and food economy can play a significant role above all in the context of [[:Category:Rural_Development|rural development]]<ref name="ICRAF, 2011">World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), 2011: Policy Brief 12: Making climate-smart agriculture work for the poor</ref>. International forums on food safety like the economic platform "''Investing in Food Security: Growing Needs and Opportunities''" deal with the field of energy, agriculture and food security. The sustainable use of energy use is often further hampered by a lack of political and economic conditions, such as subsidies for conventional energy, lack of availability of know-how and funding opportunities<ref name="GFFA, 2013">GFFA, 2013: Internationales Wirtschaftspodium “Investing in Food Security: Growing Needs and Opportunities"</ref>.
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 *[http://www.fao.org/climatechange/climatesmart/en/ FAO: Climate Smart Agriculture]
-*[[Portal:Powering_Agriculture|Portal:Powering Agriculture]]<br/>
+*[[Portal:Powering_Agriculture|Powering Agriculture Portal on energypedia]]<br/>
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 <references /><br/>
 [[Category:Renewable_Energy]]