Introducing the Energy-Agriculture Nexus - Revision history

Ranisha at 19:25, 14 July 2020

2020-07-14T19:25:35Z

Ranisha at 15:49, 6 January 2017

2017-01-06T15:49:18Z

Ranisha at 15:47, 6 January 2017

2017-01-06T15:47:13Z

Ranisha: /* Climate Neutral Productivity Growth */

2016-08-12T12:14:43Z

Climate Neutral Productivity Growth

Ranisha at 12:12, 12 August 2016

2016-08-12T12:12:42Z

Michael Remiorz: /* Climate Change */

2016-07-11T09:24:26Z

Climate Change

Michael Remiorz: /* Climate Change */

2016-07-11T09:23:03Z

Climate Change

Michael Remiorz: /* Climate Change */

2016-07-11T09:20:25Z

Climate Change

Michael Remiorz: /* Climate Change */

2016-07-11T09:17:31Z

Climate Change

Admin at 14:25, 17 June 2016

2016-06-17T14:25:54Z

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 *[[Business Models for the Energy-Agriculture Nexus|Business Models for the Energy-Agriculture Nexus]]<br/>
 *[[Agri-food Enterprises in the Energy-Agriculture Nexus|Agri-food Enterprises in the Energy-Agriculture Nexus]]<br/>
-*[[Portal:Powering Agriculture|Energypedia Portal of Powering Agriculture]]<br/>
+*[[Portal:Water and Energy for Food|Water and Energy for Food (WE4F) portal on energypedia]]
 *FAO Study: [[Opportunities for Agri-Food Chains to become Energy-Smart|Opportunities for Agri-Food Chains to become Energy-Smart]]<br/>
 *[https://gc21.giz.de/ibt/var/app/wp385P/2624/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/PAEGC_MOOC_COMPILED_READER.pdf Reader of the MOOC "Powering Agriculture - Sustainable Energy for Food"]<br/>

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 External costs play a major role in relation to alternative energy solutions. “External costs” means that all costs are included – and that also means the costs to the environment when environment-unfriendly measures are used.<br/>
-Clean energy solutions aim to increase diary farm productivity and income, the improvements can play a major role in the livelihoods of smallholders. [[SunChill:_Solar-Powered_Refrigeration_for_Kenyan_Dairy_Farms|SunDanzer]] can be mentioned as one example. Recognizing the need for affordable cold-chain technologies, SunDanzer has developed a small-scale portable cooling system tailored for use in the Kenyan dairy market. Read more [[SunDanzer: Solar-Powered Refrigeration for Kenyan Dairy Farms|here].<br/>
+Clean energy solutions aim to increase dairy farm productivity and income, the improvements can play a major role in the livelihoods of smallholders. [[SunDanzer: Solar-Powered Refrigeration for Kenyan Dairy Farms|SunDanzer]] can be mentioned as one example. Recognizing the need for affordable cold-chain technologies, SunDanzer has developed a small-scale portable cooling system tailored for use in the Kenyan dairy market. Read more [[SunDanzer: Solar-Powered Refrigeration for Kenyan Dairy Farms|here].<br/>
 {{Go to Top}}

@@ Line 120: / Line 120: @@
 External costs play a major role in relation to alternative energy solutions. “External costs” means that all costs are included – and that also means the costs to the environment when environment-unfriendly measures are used.<br/>
-Clean energy solutions aim to increase diary farm productivity and income, the improvements can play a major role in the livelihoods of smallholders. [[SunChill:_Solar-Powered_Refrigeration_for_Kenyan_Dairy_Farms|SunDanzer]] can be mentioned as one example. Recognizing the need for affordable cold-chain technologies, SunDanzer has developed a small-scale portable cooling system tailored for use in the Kenyan dairy market. Read more [[SunChill: Solar-Powered Refrigeration for Kenyan Dairy Farms|here].<br/>
+Clean energy solutions aim to increase diary farm productivity and income, the improvements can play a major role in the livelihoods of smallholders. [[SunChill:_Solar-Powered_Refrigeration_for_Kenyan_Dairy_Farms|SunDanzer]] can be mentioned as one example. Recognizing the need for affordable cold-chain technologies, SunDanzer has developed a small-scale portable cooling system tailored for use in the Kenyan dairy market. Read more [[SunDanzer: Solar-Powered Refrigeration for Kenyan Dairy Farms|here].<br/>
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 Agriculture must produce more while faced with the impacts of a changing climate. More production growth needs to be achieved without further increasing the GHG load already in the atmosphere. From 2001 to 2011, carbon dioxide emissions from crop and livestock production increased from 4.7 billion tonnes to over 5.3 billion tonnes. This is equivalent to an increase of 14 percent<ref name="Tubiello, F.N. et al, 2014. Agriculture, Forestry and other land use emissions by sources and removals by sinks, ESS Working paper No. 2. Available online at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/019/i3671e/i3671e.pdf">Tubiello, F.N. et al, 2014. Agriculture, Forestry and other land use emissions by sources and removals by sinks, ESS Working paper No. 2. Available online at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/019/i3671e/i3671e.pdf</ref>. The use of fossil fuels and fossil-based energy needs to be reduced dramatically. Possible solutions include the introduction of renewables, optimization of processes and lowering of energy intensity. Land use needs to change so that it no longer releases GHG into the atmosphere but eventually builds up carbon stocks in soils and biomass. The same applies to agriculture, especially with regard to beef cattle farming and paddy rice production, which are now considered to be major methane emitters.<br/>
-The potential for optimization in the supply of food is very much linked to the supply of energy. Abundant energy resources such as [[Wind Energy - Introduction|wind]], [[Solar Energy|solar]], [[Hydro Power Basics|hydroand]] [[Bioenergy for Agricultural Production|biomass energy]] are available. These technologies make on-site generation of electricity and thermal energy possible. The implementation is feasible on all scales, from subsistence farming to large-scale agriculture. Some technologies have improved significantly, both technically and economically: one example is the significant decrease in solar power plant prices.<br/>
+The potential for optimization in the supply of food is very much linked to the supply of energy. Abundant energy resources such as [[Wind Energy - Introduction|wind]], [[Solar Energy|solar]], [[Hydro Power Basics|hydro and]] [[Bioenergy for Agricultural Production|biomass energy]] are available. These technologies make on-site generation of electricity and thermal energy possible. The implementation is feasible on all scales, from subsistence farming to large-scale agriculture. Some technologies have improved significantly, both technically and economically: one example is the significant decrease in solar power plant prices.<br/>
 Lowering energy intensity builds on behavioural changes, the development and implementation of low-carbon practices, and investment in improved technologies with a particular focus on [[Energy Efficiency in Powering Agriculture|energy efficiency]]. In the last three decades, the deployment of energy efficient practices has led to more efficient energy usage in high-GDP countries. The goal should be to globally enable the production of more food per unit of land with less energy inputs, calling for higher efficiency of energy use in agriculture. Besides reducing GHG emissions, this has the potential to make food production more resilient and less dependent on a fossil fuel-based energy supply.<br/>
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 This unit focuses on agricultural value chains, discusses their indirect and direct energy inputs and explores the [[Energy within Food and Agricultural Value Chains|energy]] usage from production to processing, post-harvest and storage. Last but certainly not least, the financing side of alternative energy.<br/>
-[[File:Energy Inputs in Agricultural Value Chains (Best, 2014).jpg|frame|center|350px|Figure 2: Energy Inputs in Agricutlural Value Chains (Best, 2014)|alt=Energy Inputs in Agricutlural Value Chains (Best, 2014)]]
+[[File:Energy Inputs in Agricultural Value Chains (Best, 2014).jpg|frame|center|350px|Figure 2: Energy Inputs in Agricultural Value Chains (Best, 2014)|alt=Energy Inputs in Agricultural Value Chains (Best, 2014)]]
 == Energy Input in Agricultural Production ==
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 *[[Energy Auditing|Energy Auditing]]<br/>
 *[[Policies and Regulations for the Energy-Agriculture Nexus|Policies and Regulations for the Energy-Agriculture Nexus]]<br/>
-*[[Comparison of Various Policy Tools for Promoting Renewable Energies|Comparison of various Policy Tools for Promoting Renewable Energies]]<br/>
+*[[Comparison of various Policy Tools for Promoting Renewable Energies|Comparison of various Policy Tools for Promoting Renewable Energies]]<br/>
 *[[Business Models for the Energy-Agriculture Nexus|Business Models for the Energy-Agriculture Nexus]]<br/>
 *[[Agri-food Enterprises in the Energy-Agriculture Nexus|Agri-food Enterprises in the Energy-Agriculture Nexus]]<br/>

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 == Climate Change and Primary Agricultural Production ==
-<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 Meeting the increasing demand for food is further challenged by the impacts of [[Climate Change and Transport|climate change]]. Impacts can include extreme events such as drought, floods, changing rain and temperature patterns. Collectively, this has a great impact on the agro-business sector. Food security is influenced by decreases in production in certain areas and incomes are at risks due to volatile food prices.<br/>
 Agriculture remains the main income source for rural populations (2.5 billion). Already extreme weather events and diseases are reported to negatively affect agricultural production. As a result of climate change impacts, significant crop decrease in maize production of up to 30 percent by 2030 is expected in Africa and up to 10 percent for staple crops in Asia<ref name="FAO, 2013. Climate smart agriculture – Sourcebook, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available online at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3325e/i3325e.pdf">FAO, 2013. Climate smart agriculture – Sourcebook, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available online at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3325e/i3325e.pdf</ref>.<br/>
-These changes call for adaptation measures such as new technologies and the cultivation of new crops. Studies predict the shortage of water and food for billions of people due to climate change.]</u><br/>
+These changes call for adaptation measures such as new technologies and the cultivation of new crops. Studies predict the shortage of water and food for billions of people due to climate change.
 {{Go to Top}}
 == Adaptation to Climate Change ==
-<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 In view of growing food demand, successful adaptation to climate change must do more than just maintain the status quo. It requires the increase of production under inferior conditions. Therefore, adaptation strategies need to be broadly supported by institutions and [[Policies and Regulations for the Energy-Agriculture Nexus|policies]] and resulting legislation need to be modified. Targeted investments will be required and capacity development will be needed to achieve integrated action across diverse sectors. The complexity of the challenge has been highlighted in the report on the International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development, published in 2009 (UNEP). The report also stresses the central role of the small-scale farming sector in meeting the challenges outlined above. Successful adaptation will require action on all scales: from subsistence farmers to the national frameworks and international agreements<ref name="UNEP, 2009. International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development, United Nations Environment Programme. Available online at http://www.unep.org/dewa/agassessment/reports/IAASTD/EN/Agriculture%20at%20a%20Crossroads_Global%20Report%20(English).pdf">UNEP, 2009. International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development, United Nations Environment Programme. Available online at http://www.unep.org/dewa/agassessment/reports/IAASTD/EN/Agriculture%20at%20a%20Crossroads_Global%20Report%20(English).pdf</ref>.<br/>
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 == Climate Neutral Productivity Growth<br/> ==
-<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 Agriculture must produce more while faced with the impacts of a changing climate. More production growth needs to be achieved without further increasing the GHG load already in the atmosphere. From 2001 to 2011, carbon dioxide emissions from crop and livestock production increased from 4.7 billion tonnes to over 5.3 billion tonnes. This is equivalent to an increase of 14 percent<ref name="Tubiello, F.N. et al, 2014. Agriculture, Forestry and other land use emissions by sources and removals by sinks, ESS Working paper No. 2. Available online at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/019/i3671e/i3671e.pdf">Tubiello, F.N. et al, 2014. Agriculture, Forestry and other land use emissions by sources and removals by sinks, ESS Working paper No. 2. Available online at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/019/i3671e/i3671e.pdf</ref>. The use of fossil fuels and fossil-based energy needs to be reduced dramatically. Possible solutions include the introduction of renewables, optimization of processes and lowering of energy intensity. Land use needs to change so that it no longer releases GHG into the atmosphere but eventually builds up carbon stocks in soils and biomass. The same applies to agriculture, especially with regard to beef cattle farming and paddy rice production, which are now considered to be major methane emitters.<br/>

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 {{Go to Top}}
 = Climate Change =
 The relationship between agriculture and climate change is twofold – agriculture is a contributor to greenhouse gases and is a sector affected by the impacts of [[Climate Change and Transport|climate change]].<br/>
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 == Climate Change and Primary Agricultural Production ==
 Meeting the increasing demand for food is further challenged by the impacts of [[Climate Change and Transport|climate change]]. Impacts can include extreme events such as drought, floods, changing rain and temperature patterns. Collectively, this has a great impact on the agro-business sector. Food security is influenced by decreases in production in certain areas and incomes are at risks due to volatile food prices.<br/>
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 #integrate water harvesting technologies.<br/>
-Whereas adapting our agricultural production systems to better deal with the effects of climate change is a central need, agriculture also contributes to climate change. Agricultural, food and other land use (AFOLU) represent 24 percent of total [[Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_from_Agriculture|GHG emissions]]. Methane release in this context should not be overlooked. The flooding of rice fields, which creates anaerobic conditions, is a major contributor. Studies show that one third of all agricultural methane emissions derive from rice production<ref name="FAO, 2011. Energy-smart food for people and climate, Issue paper, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available online at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2454e/i2454e00.pdf">FAO, 2011. Energy-smart food for people and climate, Issue paper, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available online at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2454e/i2454e00.pdf</ref>.<br/>
+Whereas adapting our agricultural production systems to better deal with the effects of climate change is a central need, agriculture also contributes to climate change. Agricultural, food and other land use (AFOLU) represent 24 percent of total [[Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agriculture|GHG emissions]]. Methane release in this context should not be overlooked. The flooding of rice fields, which creates anaerobic conditions, is a major contributor. Studies show that one third of all agricultural methane emissions derive from rice production<ref name="FAO, 2011. Energy-smart food for people and climate, Issue paper, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available online at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2454e/i2454e00.pdf">FAO, 2011. Energy-smart food for people and climate, Issue paper, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available online at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2454e/i2454e00.pdf</ref>.<br/>
 {{Go to Top}}<br/>
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 <br/>
 = Energy Input in Agricultural Value Chains =

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 = Background<br/> =
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 In the 1960s, the ‘green revolution’ offset the looming food disaster. Its success was based on improved plant breeding, intensification due to irrigation, increasing usage of inorganic fertilizer and energy inputs along the food chain. From farm mechanization, chemical fertilizers and pesticides to [[Agricultural_Processing|processing]], [[Cooling_for_Agriculture|cooling]] and packaging, fossil fuels made a significant contribution to this success. Such resources will not be available at cheap prices forever – all the more reason to start looking for alternatives. As the human population continues to grow, so does the demand for food.<br/>
-However, a simple repetition of the green revolution to meet the increasing demand is highly unlikely. Fossil fuels are being increasingly exploited. This is happening at the cost of increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In addition, the continuing dependency on fossil fuels in the agri-food sector creates a high risk of fluctuating prices, potentially making food unaffordable for the economically weak – at least temporarily. The supply of fertile arable land is finite and therefore increased demand for food also puts pressure on the planet’s limited resource base. To identify effective changes, stakeholders will have to look at different aspects and segments along the agri-food value chains. For instance, approximately 40 percent of the global land area is classified as agricultural land with&nbsp;very limited opportunities for expansion<ref name="FAO, 2011. Energy-smart food for people and climate, Issue paper, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available online at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2454e/i2454e00.pdf">FAO, 2011. Energy-smart food for people and climate, Issue paper, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available online at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2454e/i2454e00.pdf</ref>. The FAO estimates that globally every year 25,000 million tonnes of topsoil are washed away by water erosion. Not only is the area available for food production limited but its suitability for production is being continuously eroded. There is an urgent need for solutions. Cultivation methods that make efficient use of resources are a major step forward.<br/>
+However, a simple repetition of the green revolution to meet the increasing demand is highly unlikely. Fossil fuels are being increasingly exploited. This is happening at the cost of increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In addition, the continuing dependency on fossil fuels in the agri-food sector creates a high risk of fluctuating prices, potentially making food unaffordable for the economically weak – at least temporarily. The supply of fertile arable land is finite and therefore increased demand for food also puts pressure on the planet’s limited resource base. To identify effective changes, stakeholders will have to look at different aspects and segments along the agri-food value chains. For instance, approximately 40 percent of the global land area is classified as agricultural land with very limited opportunities for expansion<ref name="FAO, 2011. Energy-smart food for people and climate, Issue paper, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available online at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2454e/i2454e00.pdf">FAO, 2011. Energy-smart food for people and climate, Issue paper, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available online at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2454e/i2454e00.pdf</ref>. The FAO estimates that globally every year 25,000 million tonnes of topsoil are washed away by water erosion. Not only is the area available for food production limited but its suitability for production is being continuously eroded. There is an urgent need for solutions. Cultivation methods that make efficient use of resources are a major step forward.<br/>
 {{Go to Top}}
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 Agriculture must produce more while faced with the impacts of a changing climate. More production growth needs to be achieved without further increasing the GHG load already in the atmosphere. From 2001 to 2011, carbon dioxide emissions from crop and livestock production increased from 4.7 billion tonnes to over 5.3 billion tonnes. This is equivalent to an increase of 14 percent<ref name="Tubiello, F.N. et al, 2014. Agriculture, Forestry and other land use emissions by sources and removals by sinks, ESS Working paper No. 2. Available online at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/019/i3671e/i3671e.pdf">Tubiello, F.N. et al, 2014. Agriculture, Forestry and other land use emissions by sources and removals by sinks, ESS Working paper No. 2. Available online at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/019/i3671e/i3671e.pdf</ref>. The use of fossil fuels and fossil-based energy needs to be reduced dramatically. Possible solutions include the introduction of renewables, optimization of processes and lowering of energy intensity. Land use needs to change so that it no longer releases GHG into the atmosphere but eventually builds up carbon stocks in soils and biomass. The same applies to agriculture, especially with regard to beef cattle farming and paddy rice production, which are now considered to be major methane emitters.<br/>
-The potential for optimization in the supply of food is very much linked to the supply of energy. Abundant energy resources such as [[Wind Energy - Introduction|wind]], [[Solar Energy|solar]], [[Hydro Power Basics|hydroand]] [[Bioenergy for Agricultural Production|biomass energy]]&nbsp;are available. These technologies make on-site generation of electricity and thermal energy possible. The implementation is feasible on all scales, from subsistence farming to large-scale agriculture. Some technologies have improved significantly, both technically and economically: one example is the significant decrease in solar power plant prices.<br/>
+The potential for optimization in the supply of food is very much linked to the supply of energy. Abundant energy resources such as [[Wind Energy - Introduction|wind]], [[Solar Energy|solar]], [[Hydro Power Basics|hydroand]] [[Bioenergy for Agricultural Production|biomass energy]] are available. These technologies make on-site generation of electricity and thermal energy possible. The implementation is feasible on all scales, from subsistence farming to large-scale agriculture. Some technologies have improved significantly, both technically and economically: one example is the significant decrease in solar power plant prices.<br/>
 Lowering energy intensity builds on behavioural changes, the development and implementation of low-carbon practices, and investment in improved technologies with a particular focus on [[Energy Efficiency in Powering Agriculture|energy efficiency]]. In the last three decades, the deployment of energy efficient practices has led to more efficient energy usage in high-GDP countries. The goal should be to globally enable the production of more food per unit of land with less energy inputs, calling for higher efficiency of energy use in agriculture. Besides reducing GHG emissions, this has the potential to make food production more resilient and less dependent on a fossil fuel-based energy supply.<br/>
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 Indirect energy is applied through the use of machinery, pesticides and fertilizers. A closer look at fertilizers, especially nitrogen fertilizers, clearly reveals the amount of energy input. Nitrogen fertilizer accounts for an energy input of 19.4 kWh per unit<ref name="Sims, R., Flammini, M., Puri, M., Bracco, S., 2015. Opportunities for agri-food chains to become energy-smart. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and POWERING AGRICULTURE: An Energy Grand Challenge for Development (PAEGC). Available online at http://poweringag.org/docs/opportunitiesagri-food-chains-become-energy-smart">Sims, R., Flammini, M., Puri, M., Bracco, S., 2015. Opportunities for agri-food chains to become energy-smart. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and POWERING AGRICULTURE: An Energy Grand Challenge for Development (PAEGC). Available online at http://poweringag.org/docs/opportunitiesagri-food-chains-become-energy-smart</ref>. Nonetheless, energy-intensive fertilizers have the potential to save indirect energy through advanced engineering and computer-aided technologies. Improving accuracy and timing of applications, with biosensors for soil fertility monitoring and trace gas detection, can significantly reduce fertilizer usage and thus decrease energy inputs.<br/>
-&#x7B;&#x7B;testGo to Top&#x7D;&#x7D;<br/>
+{{Go to Top}}
 == Energy Input in the Downstream Sector ==
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 Transport is another consumer of energy in agricultural value chains. For instance, when transporting for fresh fruit by air or by road to markets several hundred kilometers away, transport can account for up to 50 to 70 percent of the total carbon footprint. However, only around 1percent of food products are transported by air, so that typically, the energy input for transport is a relatively small share of total energy inputs into an agricultural value chain<ref name="Sims, R., Flammini, M., Puri, M., Bracco, S., 2015. Opportunities for agri-food chains to become energy-smart. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and POWERING AGRICULTURE: An Energy Grand Challenge for Development (PAEGC). Available online at http://poweringag.org/docs/opportunitiesagri-food-chains-become-energy-smart">Sims, R., Flammini, M., Puri, M., Bracco, S., 2015. Opportunities for agri-food chains to become energy-smart. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and POWERING AGRICULTURE: An Energy Grand Challenge for Development (PAEGC). Available online at http://poweringag.org/docs/opportunitiesagri-food-chains-become-energy-smart</ref>. While transport is a relevant topic for the Energy-Agriculture Nexus, this course does not further elaborate on this topic but focuses on the value chain steps of primary production, storage and handling, and value added processing (Figure 2).<br/>
-&#x7B;&#x7B;testGo to Top&#x7D;&#x7D;<br/>
+{{Go to Top}}
 == Financing of Alternative Energy Solutions ==
-Agricultural value chains contain many opportunities for [[Energy_Efficiency_in_Powering_Agriculture|energy efficiency measures]] and [[Renewable_Energy_Resources_in_Powering_Agriculture|renewables]]. Investment in these sectors can yield significant savings in energy and reduce GHG emissions. Of course, alternative energy solutions come at a cost. Whether they are applicable is very much dependent on the individual situation and financial background. For instance, lack of access to the energy grid changes the opportunity costs dramatically and thus influences the decision-making process. [[Techno-Economic_Analysis_in_Agricultural_Value_Chains|Cost-benefit analysis and feasibility analysis]]&nbsp;are valuable to spark a decision.<br/>
+Agricultural value chains contain many opportunities for [[Energy_Efficiency_in_Powering_Agriculture|energy efficiency measures]] and [[Renewable_Energy_Resources_in_Powering_Agriculture|renewables]]. Investment in these sectors can yield significant savings in energy and reduce GHG emissions. Of course, alternative energy solutions come at a cost. Whether they are applicable is very much dependent on the individual situation and financial background. For instance, lack of access to the energy grid changes the opportunity costs dramatically and thus influences the decision-making process. [[Techno-Economic_Analysis_in_Agricultural_Value_Chains|Cost-benefit analysis and feasibility analysis]] are valuable to spark a decision.<br/>
 External costs play a major role in relation to alternative energy solutions. “External costs” means that all costs are included – and that also means the costs to the environment when environment-unfriendly measures are used.<br/>
@@ Line 120: / Line 119: @@
 Clean energy solutions aim to increase diary farm productivity and income, the improvements can play a major role in the livelihoods of smallholders. [[SunChill:_Solar-Powered_Refrigeration_for_Kenyan_Dairy_Farms|SunDanzer]] can be mentioned as one example. Recognizing the need for affordable cold-chain technologies, SunDanzer has developed a small-scale portable cooling system tailored for use in the Kenyan dairy market. Read more [[SunChill: Solar-Powered Refrigeration for Kenyan Dairy Farms|here].<br/>
-&#x7B;&#x7B;testGo to Top&#x7D;&#x7D;
+{{Go to Top}}
 = Conclusion =
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 *Options for financing alternative energy solutions is very much dependent on the individual context, such as the institutional setting.<br/>
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+{{Go to Top}}
 = Further Reading<br/> =
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 *[https://gc21.giz.de/ibt/var/app/wp385P/2624/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/PAEGC_MOOC_COMPILED_READER.pdf Reader of the MOOC "Powering Agriculture - Sustainable Energy for Food"]<br/>
-&#x7B;&#x7B;testGo to Top&#x7D;&#x7D;
+{{Go to Top}}
 = References =
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 <references /><br/>
-&#x7B;&#x7B;testGo to Top&#x7D;&#x7D;<br/>
+{{Go to Top}}
 [[Category:Powering_Agriculture]]