Heating - Indoor Air Temperature - Revision history

Lisafeldmann at 13:31, 4 September 2018

2018-09-04T13:31:12Z

Lisafeldmann at 13:28, 4 September 2018

2018-09-04T13:28:54Z

Tom Schulze at 13:04, 30 April 2018

2018-04-30T13:04:02Z

Tom Schulze: Text replace - "link=GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium

[[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Cook

2018-04-30T12:18:40Z

Text replace - "left|831px|GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium|alt=GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium small.png|link=GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium<br/><br/>[[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Cook

Luis Azuaje at 12:30, 27 July 2017

2017-07-27T12:30:46Z

Lisafeldmann at 08:46, 27 July 2017

2017-07-27T08:46:36Z

Lisafeldmann: /* Fuels for Heating */

2016-12-19T13:49:33Z

Fuels for Heating

Lisafeldmann at 11:16, 5 April 2016

2016-04-05T11:16:24Z

Heike Volkmer at 08:54, 6 November 2015

2015-11-06T08:54:01Z

Heike Volkmer: /* Further Information */

2014-10-16T08:09:36Z

Further Information

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-[[File:GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium small.png|left|831px|GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium|alt=GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium small.png|link=GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium]]<br/>[[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Basics about Cooking Energy|Basics]] | [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Policy Advice on Cooking Energy|Policy Advice]] | [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Planning Improved Cook Stove .28ICS.29 Interventions|Planning]] | [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Designing and Implementing Improved Cookstoves .28ICS.29 Supply Interventions|Designing and Implementing (ICS Supply)]]| [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Cooking Energy Technologies and Practices|Technologies and Practices]] | [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Designing and Implementing Woodfuel Supply Interventions|Designing and Implementing (Woodfuel Supply)]]| [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Climate Change Related Issues|Climate Change]]
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 [[File:GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium small.png|left|831px|GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium|alt=GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium small.png|link=GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium]]<br/>[[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Basics about Cooking Energy|Basics]] | [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Policy Advice on Cooking Energy|Policy Advice]] | [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Planning Improved Cook Stove .28ICS.29 Interventions|Planning]] | [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Designing and Implementing Improved Cookstoves .28ICS.29 Supply Interventions|Designing and Implementing (ICS Supply)]]| [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Cooking Energy Technologies and Practices|Technologies and Practices]] | [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Designing and Implementing Woodfuel Supply Interventions|Designing and Implementing (Woodfuel Supply)]]| [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium#Climate Change Related Issues|Climate Change]]
 = Overview<br/> =
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 = <br/><br/>Fuels for Heating<br/> =
-Especially in high mountains with dry climatic conditions, firewood is a scarce fuel resource. In the mountainous areas of Asia, most households use 70–80% of primary energy directly for cooking and 20–25% directly for space heating. But traditional cookstoves emit heat to the surrounding, thus heating the room. The actual service provided by the energy is calculated to be 60% for heating the surrounding space and only 40% for cooking (Hulscher, 1997).<br/>The supply with fossil fuel, like coal, gas or oil is characterized through high fuel prizes and unreliable fuel supply, especially in mountain regions due to challenging and difficult infrastructure. In case, electricity supply or the supply with fossil fuel resources is abundant, households of rural areas depend on biomass fuel to cover their energy needs.<br/>Space heating requires additional amounts of fuel besides for cooking, forcing people to spend many hours gathering [[Cooking with Woodfuels (Firewood and Charcoal)|firewood]] over long distances, to prepare [[Cooking_with_Dung|dung]] or to spend a major share of their income to purchase fuel, if available. Livestock farming is a common land use practise in rural mountain areas, thus providing dung as an additional fuel resource. Due to the low heating value, dung is a poor fuel for heating and huge amounts are needed. Investigation from German Agro Action in Tajikistan (Fuel consumption assessment WHH TJK 1058) show, that the average annual animal dung consumption per household is around 8,5 t only for heating, and additionally 5,8 t for cooking in summer and 2,7 t for bread baking.
+Especially in high mountains with dry climatic conditions, firewood is a scarce fuel resource. In the mountainous areas of Asia, most households use 70–80% of primary energy directly for cooking and 20–25% directly for space heating. But traditional cookstoves emit heat to the surrounding, thus heating the room. The actual service provided by the energy is calculated to be 60% for heating the surrounding space and only 40% for cooking (Hulscher, 1997).<br/>The supply with fossil fuel, like coal, gas or oil is characterized through high fuel prizes and unreliable fuel supply, especially in mountain regions due to challenging and difficult infrastructure. In case, electricity supply or the supply with fossil fuel resources is abundant, households of rural areas depend on biomass fuel to cover their energy needs.<br/>Space heating requires additional amounts of fuel besides for cooking, forcing people to spend many hours gathering [[Cooking with Woodfuels (Firewood and Charcoal)|firewood]] over long distances, to prepare [[Cooking with Dung|dung]] or to spend a major share of their income to purchase fuel, if available. Livestock farming is a common land use practise in rural mountain areas, thus providing dung as an additional fuel resource. Due to the low heating value, dung is a poor fuel for heating and huge amounts are needed. Investigation from German Agro Action in Tajikistan (Fuel consumption assessment WHH TJK 1058) show, that the average annual animal dung consumption per household is around 8,5 t only for heating, and additionally 5,8 t for cooking in summer and 2,7 t for bread baking.
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 = Stoves for Heating<br/> =
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 = Further Information<br/> =
 *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9z-EGVeKTrc&feature=youtu.be More heat with less wood] - video by UNECE and FAO (2016). Making a fire is easy, but making efficient use of wood energy at home is everything else but easy! The affected sectors of development work for the use of wood for heating and cooking are diverse- thermal insulation of housing, heating technology, consumer health and behavioural aspects of wood use along with ensuring a minimum quality of the natural resource wood, to name just a few.
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 [[Category:Cooking_Energy_Compendium_(GIZ_HERA)]]

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 *GERES (2013): [http://www.geres.eu/en/resources/publications/item/188-practical-guidance-for-scaling-up-of-sustainable-buildings-and-energy-projects Practical Guidance for Scaling-Up of Sustainable Buildings and Energy Projects]
 *GERES (2012): [http://www.geres.eu/en/resources/publications/item/184-innovative-low-energy-habitat-solutions Innovative Low-energy Habitat Solutions - Reducing pressures on rural communities and fragile eco-sytsems in the trans-Himalayas]
-*[[File:Monitoring_Report_Thermal_Insulation_Gorno-Badakhshan_Tajikistan.pdf|GIZ (2012): Monitoring Report: Thermal insulation in Gorno-Badakhshan]]
+*[[File:Monitoring Report Thermal Insulation Gorno-Badakhshan Tajikistan.pdf|180px|GIZ (2012): Monitoring Report: Thermal insulation in Gorno-Badakhshan|alt=GIZ (2012): Monitoring Report: Thermal insulation in Gorno-Badakhshan]]
 *[http://naturalresources-centralasia.org/assets/files/2010-09-15_product_documentation_thermal_FINAL_eng.pdf GIZ (2010): Micro loans for thermal insulation - A Product Documentation Based on Experience in Tajik Gorno-BadakhshanExperience on supporting thermal insulation through micro loans in Gorno-Badakhshan in Tajikistan.] Applied thermal insulation measures are the insulation of ceiling, roof or floor with natural insulation materials and the installation of double-glazed windows and roof hatch windows, as well as doors. In English.
 *[http://www.nienhuys.info/documents-papers.html Sjoerd Nienhuys (2000): Wall Insulation Techniques for Buildings in High Mountain Areas and further information as well on the construction of roof-hatch windows].
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-<span style="display: none" id="1346309404005s"></span>'''Further Links'''
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 *[http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#guidelines General information on the use of solar energy in buildings].
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 [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium|--> Back to Overview GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium]]<br/><br/><br/><br/>
 [[Category:Heating]]

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 = Overview<br/> =
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 '''Millenium Development Goals (MDG)''', as the following:
 *Education (MDG 2) – indoor air temperature in social and public buildings, such as schools and hospitals,
 *Gender quality and empower women (MDG 3),
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-Despite this high importance and relevance of indoor air temperature, it has been so far not adequately addressed in the field of development cooperation.<br/>Though there is a lot of knowledge available in developed countries, for example on thermal insulation and efficient and cleaning heating stoves, little experience and knowledge are available on appropriate solutions for developing countries. This results in little available information on fuel demand and supply, technical heating stove designs, additional technical measures like house improvements and dissemination approaches for affordable, acceptable and accessible solutions in developing countries.
+Despite this high importance and relevance of indoor air temperature, it has been so far not adequately addressed in the field of development cooperation.<br/>Though there is a lot of knowledge available in developed countries, for example on thermal insulation and efficient heating stoves, little experience and knowledge are available on appropriate solutions for developing countries. This results in little available information on fuel demand and supply, technical heating stove designs, additional technical measures like house improvements and dissemination approaches for affordable, acceptable and accessible solutions in developing countries.
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 However, there are a number of different factors influencing indoor air temperature, such as:
 #[[Heating - Indoor Air Temperature#Housing conditions|Housing conditions, e.g. construction, thermal insulation]]
 #[[Heating - Indoor Air Temperature#Fuels for heating|Fuels for space heating (quality and quantity)]]
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 = Housing Conditions<br/> =
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 <u>The selection of the methods depends on:</u>
 *Climatic conditions of the area
 *Insulation of newly build houses or existent houses
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 <u>The function of thermal insulation materials is based on three principles:</u>
 *Conduction – describes the heat transfer through a material
 *Radiation – describes the ability of a matter to emit heat
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 Independently, which insulation material and method are chosen, thermal insulation in existing houses requires:
 *local expertise for planning, and construction
 *knowledge and skills for the respective processing and the installation methods,
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 == Further Information<br/> ==
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 *GERES (2013): [http://www.geres.eu/en/resources/publications/item/188-practical-guidance-for-scaling-up-of-sustainable-buildings-and-energy-projects Practical Guidance for Scaling-Up of Sustainable Buildings and Energy Projects]
 *GERES (2012): [http://www.geres.eu/en/resources/publications/item/184-innovative-low-energy-habitat-solutions Innovative Low-energy Habitat Solutions - Reducing pressures on rural communities and fragile eco-sytsems in the trans-Himalayas]
-*[https://energypedia.info/wiki/File:Monitoring_Report_Thermal_Insulation_Gorno-Badakhshan_Tajikistan.pdf GIZ (2012): Monitoring Report: Thermal insulation in Gorno-Badakhshan]
+*[[File:Monitoring_Report_Thermal_Insulation_Gorno-Badakhshan_Tajikistan.pdf|GIZ (2012): Monitoring Report: Thermal insulation in Gorno-Badakhshan]]
 *[http://naturalresources-centralasia.org/assets/files/2010-09-15_product_documentation_thermal_FINAL_eng.pdf GIZ (2010): Micro loans for thermal insulation - A Product Documentation Based on Experience in Tajik Gorno-BadakhshanExperience on supporting thermal insulation through micro loans in Gorno-Badakhshan in Tajikistan.] Applied thermal insulation measures are the insulation of ceiling, roof or floor with natural insulation materials and the installation of double-glazed windows and roof hatch windows, as well as doors. In English.
 *[http://www.nienhuys.info/documents-papers.html Sjoerd Nienhuys (2000): Wall Insulation Techniques for Buildings in High Mountain Areas and further information as well on the construction of roof-hatch windows].
@@ Line 227: / Line 235: @@
 <br/>
-<span id="1346309404005s" style="display: none"></span>'''Further Links'''
+<span style="display: none" id="1346309404005s"></span>'''Further Links'''
 *[http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#guidelines General information on the use of solar energy in buildings].
 *Center for Energy Efficient Building in Central Asia (CEEBA) - [http://www.ceeba.kg/?ln=en Organisation with activities on thermal insulation of buildings mainly with natural insulation materials (e.g. reed and straw ball houses) in Central Asia]
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 = <br/><br/>Fuels for Heating<br/> =
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 Based on the purpose the following categories of heating stoves are distinguished:
 *Heating stove
 *Combined heating-cooking stoves
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 Preconditions for a complete combustion of firewood are:
 *Adequate size of the combustion chamber, because firewood is mainly burning in a big wood-gas-flame (83% of the weight of firewood combust as wood gas)
 *An insulated combustion chamber for high combustion temperature between minimum 600°C and 1000°C.
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 The methods have in common:
 *Only small portion of the fuel is ignited at once
 *Newly evaporated volatiles are passed through a bed of hot coke
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 During testing of different kinds of heat exchanger in Gorno-Badakhshan, Tajikistan the following obstacles have been observed:
 *Installation of heat exchanger on old, partly broken stoves hampered the draft resulting the smoke in the room
 *Unfirm installation and therefore unsafe construction with the stove and pipe within the house
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 <br/>
 *How many households suffer from low indoor air temperatures?
 *Adequate methods to measure efficiency or to compare the specific fuel consumption for (a) space heating ovens or (b) combined heating and cooking stoves?
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 [[GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium|--> Back to Overview GIZ HERA Cooking Energy Compendium]]<br/><br/><br/><br/>
 [[Category:Cooking_Energy_Compendium_(GIZ_HERA)]]

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 == Further Information<br/> ==
@@ Line 222: / Line 223: @@
 *Gaia Architects (2009): Enregy Efficient Building Methods for Tajikistan ([http://www.gaiaarkitekter.no/tjome www.gaiaarkitekter.no/tjome])
 *[http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/97091/E89887.pdf WHO (2007): Housing, Energy and Thermal Comfort]
-*[http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/HC270799/RWEDP/acrobat/rm28.pdf FAO (1996): Regional Workshop on stoves used for space heating and cooking at different altitudes and /by ethnic groups]
+*[http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/HC270799/RWEDP/acrobat/rm28.pdf W. Hulscher (1997): Regional Workshop on stoves used for space heating and cooking at different altitudes and /by ethnic groups]
 <br/>
-<span style="display: none" id="1346309404005s"></span>'''Further Links'''
+<span id="1346309404005s" style="display: none"></span>'''Further Links'''
 *[http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#guidelines General information on the use of solar energy in buildings].
 *Center for Energy Efficient Building in Central Asia (CEEBA) - [http://www.ceeba.kg/?ln=en Organisation with activities on thermal insulation of buildings mainly with natural insulation materials (e.g. reed and straw ball houses) in Central Asia]
@@ Line 235: / Line 236: @@
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 = <br/><br/>Fuels for Heating<br/> =