Gender - Introduction - Revision history

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= Energia defines gender as "''socially defined roles, privileges, attributes and relationships between men and women which are learned and not bio..."

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= Gender - Definition =

Energia defines gender as "''socially defined roles, privileges, attributes and relationships between men and women which are learned and not biologically determined''”<ref name="Khamati-Njenga & Clancy, 2003a">_</ref>. 

Sex roles i.e male, female and other are defined biologically while gender roles are defined by: 

*socioeconomic factors (e.g. culture, traditions and poverty); 
*natural and man-made disasters (e.g. war and famine); 
*technical development (new machinery) 
*religion and others<ref name="Khamati-Njenga & Clancy, 2003a; UNDP & ENERGIA, 2004">_</ref>.

= Gender Roles =

Gender roles can be defined as expectations based on one's sex<ref name="[1] H. J. Fawkner, “Body Image Development – Adult Men,” in Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human Appearance, T. Cash, Ed. Oxford: Academic Press, 2012, pp. 194–200">[1] H. J. Fawkner, “Body Image Development – Adult Men,” in Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human Appearance, T. Cash, Ed. Oxford: Academic Press, 2012, pp. 194–200</ref>. For eg, male are expected to be masculine and display qualities such as strength and power whereas female are expected to be emotional and affectatione. Gender roles also extend towards the type of work i.e women are expected to do the houshold chores.

 Gender roles are learned and they can as well as do vary with time. They can also vary within the same household<ref name="UNDP, 2007a">UNDP, 2007a</ref>. For eg, a poor woman might have to do the household duties as well as work in the agricultural fields whereas a rich woman might have servants to do both the work. Also, a married woman might work in the house as well as look after the children while an unmarried woman might mostly help with the household duties.

= Gender Mainstreaming =

Gender gap refers to how men and women are affected differently by the socioeconomic,political and cultural factors. It does not exist in isolation in society but is a combination of the different factors<ref name="Harris, 2017; Khamati-Njenga & Clancy, 2003a">Harris, 2017; Khamati-Njenga & Clancy, 2003a</ref>. Thus, gender mainstreaming is needed to address the gender gap and ensure that men and women benefit equally.

The United Nations Economic and Social Council has defined gender mainstreaming as “a strategy for making women’s as well as men’s concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design,implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated” (UNDP, 2007a).

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 = Definition<br/> =
-Energia has defined gender as "''socially defined roles, privileges, attributes and relationships between men and women which are learned and not biologically determined''”<ref name="Khamati-Njenga & Clancy, 2003a">Khamati-Njenga, B., & Clancy, J. (2003a). Concepts and issues in gender and energy. Retrieved fromfckLRhttps://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/concepts-and-issues-in-gender-and-energy</ref>.<br/>
+Energia has defined gender as "''socially defined roles, privileges, attributes and relationships between men and women which are learned and not biologically determined''”<ref name="Khamati-Njenga & Clancy, 2003a">Khamati-Njenga, B., & Clancy, J. (2003a). Concepts and issues in gender and energy. Retrieved from https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/concepts-and-issues-in-gender-and-energy</ref>.<br/>
 Sex roles i.e male, female and other are defined biologically while gender roles are defined by:<br/>
@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 *natural and man-made disasters (e.g. war and famine);<br/>
 *technical development (new machinery)<br/>
-*religion and others<ref name="Khamati-Njenga & Clancy, 2003a">Khamati-Njenga, B., & Clancy, J. (2003a). Concepts and issues in gender and energy. Retrieved fromfckLRhttps://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/concepts-and-issues-in-gender-and-energyfckLR</ref><ref name="UNDP & ENERGIA, 2004">UNDP, & ENERGIA. (2004). Gender and energy for sustainable development: A toolkit and resourcefckLRguide. Retrieved from https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/environmentenergy/fckLRsustainable_energy/energy_and_genderforsustainabledevelopmentatoolkitandresourcegfckLRui.html</ref>.
+*religion and others<ref name="Khamati-Njenga & Clancy, 2003a">Khamati-Njenga, B., & Clancy, J. (2003a). Concepts and issues in gender and energy. Retrieved from https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/concepts-and-issues-in-gender-and-energy</ref><ref name="UNDP & ENERGIA, 2004">UNDP, & ENERGIA. (2004). Gender and energy for sustainable development: A toolkit and resource guide. Retrieved from https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/environmentenergy/sustainable_energy/energy_and_genderforsustainabledevelopmentatoolkitandresourcegui.html</ref>.
 = Gender Roles =
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 Gender roles can be defined as expectations based on one's sex<ref name="[1] H. J. Fawkner, “Body Image Development – Adult Men,” in Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human Appearance, T. Cash, Ed. Oxford: Academic Press, 2012, pp. 194–200">[1] H. J. Fawkner, “Body Image Development – Adult Men,” in Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human Appearance, T. Cash, Ed. Oxford: Academic Press, 2012, pp. 194–200</ref>. For eg, male are expected to be masculine and display qualities such as strength and power whereas female are expected to be emotional and affectationate. Gender roles also extend towards the type of work male and female perform. For eg.&nbsp; women are expected to do the household chores whereas certain jobs such as engineering, mechanics are more male dominated.
-<br/>Gender roles are learned and they can as well as do vary with time. They can also vary within the same household, society and country<ref name="UNDP, 2007a">UNDP. (2007a). Gender mainstreaming: A key driver of development in environment & energy.fckLRRetrieved from http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/environmentenergy/fckLRsustainable_energy/gender_mainstreamingakeydriverofdevelopmentinenvironmentenergfckLRy.html</ref>. For eg, a poor woman might have to do the household duties as well as work in the agricultural fields whereas a rich woman might have servants to do both the work. Also, a married woman might work in the house as well as look after the children while an unmarried woman might mostly help with the household duties.
+<br/>Gender roles are learned and they can as well as do vary with time. They can also vary within the same household, society and country<ref name="UNDP, 2007a">UNDP. (2007a). Gender mainstreaming: A key driver of development in environment & energy.Retrieved from http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/environmentenergy/sustainable_energy/gender_mainstreamingakeydriverofdevelopmentinenvironmentenergy.html</ref>. For eg, a poor woman might have to do the household duties as well as work in the agricultural fields whereas a rich woman might have servants to do both the work. Also, a married woman might work in the house as well as look after the children while an unmarried woman might mostly help with the household duties.
 = Gender Mainstreaming =
-Gender gap refers to how men and women are affected differently by the socioeconomic, political and cultural factors. It does not exist in isolation in society but is a combination of different factors<ref name="Harris, 2017">Harris, B. (2017). What is the gender gap (and why is it getting wider)? Retrieved January 11, 2020,fckLRfrom World Economic Forum website: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/11/the-gender-gapactually-fckLRgot-worse-in-2017/</ref><ref name="Khamati-Njenga & Clancy, 2003a">Khamati-Njenga, B., & Clancy, J. (2003a). Concepts and issues in gender and energy. Retrieved fromfckLRhttps://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/concepts-and-issues-in-gender-and-energy</ref>. Thus, gender mainstreaming is needed to address the gender gap and ensure that men and women benefit equally.
+Gender gap refers to how men and women are affected differently by the socioeconomic, political and cultural factors. It does not exist in isolation in society but is a combination of different factors<ref name="Harris, 2017">Harris, B. (2017). What is the gender gap (and why is it getting wider)? Retrieved January 11, 2020,from World Economic Forum website: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/11/the-gender-gapactually-got-worse-in-2017/</ref><ref name="Khamati-Njenga & Clancy, 2003a">Khamati-Njenga, B., & Clancy, J. (2003a). Concepts and issues in gender and energy. Retrieved from https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/concepts-and-issues-in-gender-and-energy</ref>. Thus, gender mainstreaming is needed to address the gender gap and ensure that men and women benefit equally.
-The United Nations Economic and Social Council has defined gender mainstreaming as “''a strategy for making women’s as well as men’s concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design,implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated''”<ref name="UNDP, 2007a">UNDP. (2007a). Gender mainstreaming: A key driver of development in environment & energy.fckLRRetrieved from http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/environmentenergy/fckLRsustainable_energy/gender_mainstreamingakeydriverofdevelopmentinenvironmentenergfckLRy.html</ref>.
+The United Nations Economic and Social Council has defined gender mainstreaming as “''a strategy for making women’s as well as men’s concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design,implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated''”<ref name="UNDP, 2007a">UNDP. (2007a). Gender mainstreaming: A key driver of development in environment & energy.Retrieved from http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/environmentenergy/sustainable_energy/gender_mainstreamingakeydriverofdevelopmentinenvironmentenergy.html</ref>.
 = References =

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 = Definition<br/> =
-Energia defines gender as "''socially defined roles, privileges, attributes and relationships between men and women which are learned and not biologically determined''”<ref name="Khamati-Njenga & Clancy, 2003a">Khamati-Njenga, B., & Clancy, J. (2003a). Concepts and issues in gender and energy. Retrieved fromfckLRhttps://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/concepts-and-issues-in-gender-and-energy</ref>.<br/>
+Energia has defined gender as "''socially defined roles, privileges, attributes and relationships between men and women which are learned and not biologically determined''”<ref name="Khamati-Njenga & Clancy, 2003a">Khamati-Njenga, B., & Clancy, J. (2003a). Concepts and issues in gender and energy. Retrieved fromfckLRhttps://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/concepts-and-issues-in-gender-and-energy</ref>.<br/>
 Sex roles i.e male, female and other are defined biologically while gender roles are defined by:<br/>
@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 = Gender Roles =
-Gender roles can be defined as expectations based on one's sex<ref name="[1] H. J. Fawkner, “Body Image Development – Adult Men,” in Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human Appearance, T. Cash, Ed. Oxford: Academic Press, 2012, pp. 194–200">[1] H. J. Fawkner, “Body Image Development – Adult Men,” in Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human Appearance, T. Cash, Ed. Oxford: Academic Press, 2012, pp. 194–200</ref>. For eg, male are expected to be masculine and display qualities such as strength and power whereas female are expected to be emotional and affectationate. Gender roles also extend towards the type of work male and female perform. For eg.&nbsp; women are expected to do the houshold chores whereas certain jobs such as engineering, mechanics are more male dominated.
+Gender roles can be defined as expectations based on one's sex<ref name="[1] H. J. Fawkner, “Body Image Development – Adult Men,” in Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human Appearance, T. Cash, Ed. Oxford: Academic Press, 2012, pp. 194–200">[1] H. J. Fawkner, “Body Image Development – Adult Men,” in Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human Appearance, T. Cash, Ed. Oxford: Academic Press, 2012, pp. 194–200</ref>. For eg, male are expected to be masculine and display qualities such as strength and power whereas female are expected to be emotional and affectationate. Gender roles also extend towards the type of work male and female perform. For eg.&nbsp; women are expected to do the household chores whereas certain jobs such as engineering, mechanics are more male dominated.
 <br/>Gender roles are learned and they can as well as do vary with time. They can also vary within the same household, society and country<ref name="UNDP, 2007a">UNDP. (2007a). Gender mainstreaming: A key driver of development in environment & energy.fckLRRetrieved from http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/environmentenergy/fckLRsustainable_energy/gender_mainstreamingakeydriverofdevelopmentinenvironmentenergfckLRy.html</ref>. For eg, a poor woman might have to do the household duties as well as work in the agricultural fields whereas a rich woman might have servants to do both the work. Also, a married woman might work in the house as well as look after the children while an unmarried woman might mostly help with the household duties.
@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 Gender gap refers to how men and women are affected differently by the socioeconomic, political and cultural factors. It does not exist in isolation in society but is a combination of different factors<ref name="Harris, 2017">Harris, B. (2017). What is the gender gap (and why is it getting wider)? Retrieved January 11, 2020,fckLRfrom World Economic Forum website: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/11/the-gender-gapactually-fckLRgot-worse-in-2017/</ref><ref name="Khamati-Njenga & Clancy, 2003a">Khamati-Njenga, B., & Clancy, J. (2003a). Concepts and issues in gender and energy. Retrieved fromfckLRhttps://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/concepts-and-issues-in-gender-and-energy</ref>. Thus, gender mainstreaming is needed to address the gender gap and ensure that men and women benefit equally.
-The United Nations Economic and Social Council has defined gender mainstreaming as “''a strategy for making women’s as well as men’s concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design,implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated''”<ref name="UNDP, 2007a">UNDP. (2007a). Gender mainstreaming: A key driver of development in environment & energy.
+The United Nations Economic and Social Council has defined gender mainstreaming as “''a strategy for making women’s as well as men’s concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design,implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated''”<ref name="UNDP, 2007a">UNDP. (2007a). Gender mainstreaming: A key driver of development in environment & energy.fckLRRetrieved from http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/environmentenergy/fckLRsustainable_energy/gender_mainstreamingakeydriverofdevelopmentinenvironmentenergfckLRy.html</ref>.
-Retrieved from http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/environmentenergy/
-sustainable_energy/gender_mainstreamingakeydriverofdevelopmentinenvironmentenerg
+= References =
-y.html</ref>.