Electrical-Mechanical Equipment - Revision history

Katharina Wiedemann at 10:45, 9 September 2014

2014-09-09T10:45:36Z

Katharina Wiedemann at 10:38, 9 September 2014

2014-09-09T10:38:00Z

Show changes

Ranisha at 13:24, 25 August 2014

2014-08-25T13:24:59Z

Ranisha at 09:57, 19 August 2014

2014-08-19T09:57:03Z

Ranisha: /* Ballast load */

2014-08-19T09:23:56Z

Ballast load

Ranisha at 09:23, 19 August 2014

2014-08-19T09:23:17Z

Ranisha at 07:19, 14 August 2014

2014-08-14T07:19:20Z

Ranisha: /* Turbine types */

2014-07-31T12:06:19Z

Turbine types

Ranisha at 15:54, 30 July 2014

2014-07-30T15:54:56Z

Ranisha: /* References */

2014-07-30T15:34:21Z

References

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 = Overview =
--> See article [[Micro_Hydro_Power_(MHP)_Plants|Micro Hydro Power (MHP) Plants]]
+-> See article [[Micro Hydro Power (MHP) Plants|Micro Hydro Power (MHP) Plants]]
-= Turbine Types =
+The difference between impulse and reaction can be explained simply by stating that the impulse turbines convert the kinetic energy of a jet of water in air into movement by striking turbine buckets or blades - there is no pressure reduction as the water pressure is atmospheric on both sides of the impeller. The blades of a reaction turbine, on the other hand, are totally immersed in the flow of water, and the angular as well as linear momentum of the water is converted into shaft power - the pressure of water leaving the runner is reduced to atmospheric or lower.
-{| align="right" cellpadding="0" border="1"
+{| align="right" cellpadding="0" border="1" style="width: 100%"
 |-
-| style="vertical-align: top" rowspan="2" | <br/>
+| style="vertical-align: top" rowspan="2" |
-'''<span>Turbine</span>'''
+'''<span>Turbine</span>'''<br/>
 '''Runner'''
@@ Line 37: / Line 41: @@
 | style="vertical-align: top" |
-<span>Pelton</span>
+*<span>Pelton</span><br/>
+*Turgo
-Turgo
+*Multi-jet Pelton<br/>
 | style="vertical-align: top" |
-<span>Crossflow</span>
+*<span>Crossflow</span><br/>
+*Turgo
-Turgo
+*Multi-jet Pelton<br/>
 | style="vertical-align: top" |
-Crossflow
+*Crossflow<br/>
 |-
@@ Line 58: / Line 58: @@
 | style="vertical-align: top" |
-<span>Francis</span>
+*<span>Francis</span><br/>
+*Pump-as-turbine (PAT)<br/>
 | style="vertical-align: top" |
-<span>Propeller</span>
+*<span>Propeller</span><br/>
+*Kaplan<br/>
 | style="vertical-align: top" |
@@ Line 72: / Line 70: @@
 |}
-<span>A [[Steffturbine - Hydropower Turbine|turbine]] converts the energy in falling water into shaft power. There are various types of turbine which </span>can be categorized in one of several ways. The choice of turbine will depend mainly on the pressure head available and the design flow for the proposed hydropower installation. As shown in table 2 below, turbines are broadly divided into three groups; high, medium and low head, and into two categories: impulse and reaction.<br/>
+<br/>
-<span>The difference between impulse and reaction can be explained simply by stating that the ''impulse'' turbines convert the kinetic energy of a jet of water in air into movement by striking turbine buckets or blades - there is no pressure reduction as the water pressure is atmospheric on both sides of the impeller. The blades of a ''reaction'' turbine, on the other hand, are totally immersed in the flow of water, and the angular as well as linear momentum of the water is converted into shaft power - the pressure of water leaving the runner is reduced to atmospheric or lower.</span>
+<br/>
 <br/>
-*For further information, click [[Steffturbine - Hydropower Turbine|here]].
+*For further information, click [[Steffturbine - Hydropower Turbine|here]].<br/>
 *For information on Pump-as-Turbine, click [[:File:Pump as Turbine (PaT) Manual.doc|here]].
@@ Line 87: / Line 87: @@
 *[[Thermo Electric Generators|Thermo Electric Generators]]<br/>
 == Established Producers of Hydro Generators ==
@@ Line 94: / Line 96: @@
 == Induction Motor as Generator ==
+[[File:Mhp-scheme.jpg|thumb|center|605px|Elements of a Micro Hydro Power Scheme|alt=Elements of a Micro Hydro   Power Scheme]]<br/>
 A Load- or Flow- controller ensures that the '''power output does not exceed the power demand''' and power output is stable (e.g. 230V, 50 Hz).
-<span>Water turbines, like petrol or diesel engines, will '''vary in speed as load is applied''' or relieved. Although not such a great problem with machinery which uses direct shaft power, this speed variation will seriously '''affect frequency and voltage''' output from a generator.</span>
+Water turbines, like petrol or diesel engines, will '''vary in speed as load is applied''' or relieved. Although not such a great problem with machinery which uses direct shaft power, this speed variation will seriously '''affect frequency and voltage''' output from a generator.
-<span>Traditionally, hydraulic or mechanical speed governors altered flow as the load varied. Nowadays usually electronic load controller (ELC) are used. These prevent speed variations by continuously adding or subtracting an artificial load ('''load controller'''). In that in effect, the turbine is working permanently under full load and the ELC diverts excess energy into a dump load, mostly a heater.</span> The traditional kind of equalizing power in and output by controlling the flow is usually also automatised ('''flow control'''). Thereby the ELC steers a valve which regulates the amount of water inflowing.<span></span>
+Traditionally, hydraulic or mechanical speed governors altered flow as the load varied. Nowadays usually electronic load controller (ELC) are used. These prevent speed variations by continuously adding or subtracting an artificial load ('''load controller'''). In that in effect, the turbine is working permanently under full load and the ELC diverts excess energy into a dump load, mostly a heater.&lt;/span&gt; The traditional kind of equalizing power in and output by controlling the flow is usually also automatised ('''flow control'''). Thereby the ELC steers a valve which regulates the amount of water inflowing.
 In case of more power demand than supply the controller cuts off single users (clusters) in order to keep voltage and frequency constant for the others (first and second class connections). Load or flow controller are placed between generator output and the consumer line.<br/>
-[[Electrical-Mechanical Equipment#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/><!--{12766848790537}--><!--{12766848790538}--><!--{12766848790539}-->
+[[Electrical-Mechanical Equipment#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/>
-== <span lang="DE" style="font-size: 11pt;  color: black;  font-family: tahoma">Controller Types</span> ==
+== Controller Types ==
 Fluctuating energy demand requires a mechanism which either regulates the water input into the turbine (= flow control) or by diverting excess energy from the consumer connection (= ballast load).
@@ Line 142: / Line 142: @@
 [[File:Flow-control.jpg|thumb|center|834px|principle flow control|alt=principle flow control]]
-'''Manual flow control'''
+<u>Manual Flow Control:</u>
 In very small schemes often all power for lighting and TV is used constantly. Then energy consumption barely alters or does only at certain times. In such cases it can be even practical to train an operator who open / closes a valve manually to stabilise the Voltage. This allows to disclaim a controller, which saves costs and potentially flaws.
@@ Line 168: / Line 168: @@
 [[Electrical-Mechanical Equipment#toc|►Go to Top]]
-= <span>References</span><br/> =
+= References =
 *General:[[Micro Hydro Power (MHP) Manuals|Micro hydro Power Manuals]]
@@ Line 175: / Line 175: @@
 *[http://practicalaction.org/micro-hydro-power-2 Micro-Hydro Power: Practical Action]
-<references />
+<references /><br/>
 [[Category:Hydro]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[Portal:Hydro|► Back to Hydro Portal]]
@@ Line 76: / Line 77: @@
 <br/>
 == Generators ==
@@ Line 97: / Line 100: @@
 <span>Traditionally, hydraulic or mechanical speed governors altered flow as the load varied. Nowadays usually electronic load controller (ELC) are used. These prevent speed variations by continuously adding or subtracting an artificial load ('''load controller'''). In that in effect, the turbine is working permanently under full load and the ELC diverts excess energy into a dump load, mostly a heater.</span> The traditional kind of equalizing power in and output by controlling the flow is usually also automatised ('''flow control'''). Thereby the ELC steers a valve which regulates the amount of water inflowing.<span></span>
-In case of more power demand than supply the controller cuts off single users (clusters) in order to keep voltage and frequency constant for the others (first and second class connections). Load or flow controller are placed between generator output and the consumer line. <br/>
+In case of more power demand than supply the controller cuts off single users (clusters) in order to keep voltage and frequency constant for the others (first and second class connections). Load or flow controller are placed between generator output and the consumer line.<br/>
-<br/><!--{12766848790537}--><!--{12766848790538}--><!--{12766848790539}-->
+[[Electrical-Mechanical_Equipment#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/><!--{12766848790537}--><!--{12766848790538}--><!--{12766848790539}-->
 === <span lang="DE" style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: tahoma;">Controller Types</span> ===
@@ Line 106: / Line 109: @@
 For small micro or pico hydropower sites it's sometimes not easy to find the right controller. There is a lower price limit of several 100 USD even for only 1 or 2 kW power. In such cases there may be thought of manual control.
 ==== Load control: ====
@@ Line 113: / Line 118: @@
 [[File:Controler.jpg|right|734px|Controler.jpg|alt=Controler.jpg]]
 ==== Ballast load ====
@@ Line 120: / Line 128: @@
 Regarding intelligent load management: [[:File:Operation_and_Maintenance_of_Small_Hydro.pdf|Operation and Maintenance of Small Hydro]] by Dr Nigel Smith, Dr Philip Taylor and Tim Matthews
 ==== Flow control ====
@@ Line 125: / Line 134: @@
 regulates the amount of water into the turbine in order to match power output and power demand. Nowadays flow control is done mostly via electronics, which steer a valve
-[[File:Flow-control.jpg|center|834px|principle flow control|alt=principle flow control]]
+[[File:Flow-control.jpg|border|center|834px|principle flow control|alt=principle flow control]]
 '''Manual flow control'''
@@ Line 133: / Line 142: @@
 <br/>
-<br/>
+[[Electrical-Mechanical_Equipment#toc|►Go to Top]]
 == Load factor ==
@@ Line 140: / Line 149: @@
 It is very important to ensure a high plant factor if the scheme is to be cost effective and this should be taken into account during the planning stage. Many schemes use a 'dump' load (in conjunction with an electronic load controller - see below), which is effectively a low priority energy demand that can accept surplus energy when an excess is produced e.g. water heating, storage heaters or storage cookers.
 = Further Information =
@@ Line 145: / Line 156: @@
 *[[Control Equipment - Hydropower|Control Equipment - Hydropower]]<br/>
 *[[Hydropower - Equipment|Hydropower - Equipment]]<br/>
-*[[Steffturbine - Hydropower Turbine|Steffturbine - Hydropower Turbine]]<br/>
+*[[Steffturbine - Hydropower Turbine|Steffturbine - Hydropower Turbine]]
 <br/>
 == <span>References</span><br/> ==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[Portal:Hydro|► Back to Hydro Portal]]
@@ Line 74: / Line 73: @@
 For further information, click [[Steffturbine - Hydropower Turbine|here]].
-For information on Pump-as-Turbine, click [[:File:PaT-Manual 1.2.doc|here]].
+For information on Pump-as-Turbine, click [[:File:Pump as Turbine (PaT) Manual.doc|here]].
 <br/>

@@ Line 113: / Line 113: @@
 [[File:Controler.jpg|right|734px|Controler.jpg|alt=Controler.jpg]]
 ==== Ballast load ====
@@ Line 118: / Line 119: @@
 If energy demand is temporarily low the excess energy is dumped. It's converted into heat by some heat elements either in water or air. To increase an mhp's overall efficiency such excess power could be utilised as well. Therefore some storage technology would be required. Battery charging, freezers, water pumping or heat storage may be options.
-Regarding intelligent load management: [[:File:Operation_and_Maintenance_of_Small_Hydro.pdf_Operation_and_Maintenance_of_Small_Hydro|Operation and Maintenance of Small Hydro]] by Dr Nigel Smith, Dr Philip Taylor and Tim Matthews
+Regarding intelligent load management: [[:File:Operation_and_Maintenance_of_Small_Hydro.pdf|Operation and Maintenance of Small Hydro]] by Dr Nigel Smith, Dr Philip Taylor and Tim Matthews
 ==== Flow control ====

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[Portal:Hydro|► Back to Hydro Portal]]
@@ Line 65: / Line 66: @@
 |}
-<span>A turbine converts the energy in falling water into shaft power. There are various types of turbine which </span>can be categorized in one of several ways. The choice of turbine will depend mainly on the pressure head available and the design flow for the proposed hydropower installation. As shown in table 2 below, turbines are broadly divided into three groups; high, medium and low head, and into two categories: impulse and reaction.<br/>
+<span>A [[Steffturbine - Hydropower Turbine|turbine]] converts the energy in falling water into shaft power. There are various types of turbine which </span>can be categorized in one of several ways. The choice of turbine will depend mainly on the pressure head available and the design flow for the proposed hydropower installation. As shown in table 2 below, turbines are broadly divided into three groups; high, medium and low head, and into two categories: impulse and reaction.<br/>
 <span>The difference between impulse and reaction can be explained simply by stating that the ''impulse'' turbines convert the kinetic energy of a jet of water in air into movement by striking turbine buckets or blades - there is no pressure reduction as the water pressure is atmospheric on both sides of the impeller. The blades of a ''reaction'' turbine, on the other hand, are totally immersed in the flow of water, and the angular as well as linear momentum of the water is converted into shaft power - the pressure of water leaving the runner is reduced to atmospheric or lower.</span>
@@ Line 73: / Line 74: @@
 For further information, click [[Steffturbine - Hydropower Turbine|here]].
-For information on Pump-as-Turbine, click [[:File:PaT-Manual_1.2.doc|here]].
+For information on Pump-as-Turbine, click [[:File:PaT-Manual 1.2.doc|here]].
 == Generators ==
@@ Line 96: / Line 98: @@
 <span>Traditionally, hydraulic or mechanical speed governors altered flow as the load varied. Nowadays usually electronic load controller (ELC) are used. These prevent speed variations by continuously adding or subtracting an artificial load ('''load controller'''). In that in effect, the turbine is working permanently under full load and the ELC diverts excess energy into a dump load, mostly a heater.</span> The traditional kind of equalizing power in and output by controlling the flow is usually also automatised ('''flow control'''). Thereby the ELC steers a valve which regulates the amount of water inflowing.<span></span>
-In case of more power demand than supply the controller cuts off single users (clusters) in order to keep voltage and frequency constant for the others (first and second class connections). Load or flow controller are placed between generator output and the consumer line. <!--{12766848790536}-->&lt;span lang="DE" style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: tahoma" /&gt;<br/>
+In case of more power demand than supply the controller cuts off single users (clusters) in order to keep voltage and frequency constant for the others (first and second class connections). Load or flow controller are placed between generator output and the consumer line. <br/>
 <br/><!--{12766848790537}--><!--{12766848790538}--><!--{12766848790539}-->
@@ Line 114: / Line 116: @@
 ==== Ballast load ====
-If energy demand is temporarily low the excess energy is dumped. It's converted into heat by some heat elements either in water or air. To increase an mhp's overall efficiency such excess power could be utilised as well. Therefore some storage technology would be required. Battery charging, freezers, water pumping or heat storage may be options. (see also [http://energypedia.info/index.php/Talk:Electrical-Mechanical_Equipment discussion]
+If energy demand is temporarily low the excess energy is dumped. It's converted into heat by some heat elements either in water or air. To increase an mhp's overall efficiency such excess power could be utilised as well. Therefore some storage technology would be required. Battery charging, freezers, water pumping or heat storage may be options.
-Regarding intelligent load management: [http://energypedia.info/images/6/6f/WP_April03_S.hydro-p26-29.pdf Dr Nigel Smith, Dr Philip Taylor and Tim Matthews]
+Regarding intelligent load management: [[:File:Operation_and_Maintenance_of_Small_Hydro.pdf_Operation_and_Maintenance_of_Small_Hydro|Operation and Maintenance of Small Hydro]] by Dr Nigel Smith, Dr Philip Taylor and Tim Matthews
 ==== Flow control ====
@@ Line 142: / Line 144: @@
 *[[Control Equipment - Hydropower|Control Equipment - Hydropower]]<br/>
 *[[Hydropower - Equipment|Hydropower - Equipment]]<br/>
-*[[Steffturbine_-_Hydropower_Turbine|Steffturbine - Hydropower Turbine]]<br/>
+*[[Steffturbine - Hydropower Turbine|Steffturbine - Hydropower Turbine]]<br/>
 *[[Portal:Hydro|Portal:Hydro]]<br/>
@@ Line 152: / Line 154: @@
 *[[:File:Good and bad of mini hydro power vol.1.pdf|Good and Bad of Mini Hydro Power]]
 *[[:File:Hydro scout guide ET may10.pdf|Micro Hydro Power Scout Guide]]
-*[http://practicalaction.org/practicalanswers/product_info.php?products_id=41 http://practicalaction.org/practicalanswers/product_info.php?products_id=41]
+*[http://practicalaction.org/micro-hydro-power-2 Micro-Hydro Power: Practical Action]
 [[Category:Hydro]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:19, 14 August 2014
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−		+	[[Portal:Hydro\|► Back to Hydro Portal]]

	== Turbine types ==		== Turbine types ==