Carbon Markets for Energy Access Projects - Revision history

Lisafeldmann: /* Technology-specific Information */

2021-03-02T10:48:19Z

Technology-specific Information

Lisafeldmann: /* Technology-specific Information */

2021-03-02T10:46:16Z

Technology-specific Information

Lisafeldmann at 13:14, 18 November 2020

2020-11-18T13:14:48Z

Wiki Gardener at 13:52, 15 October 2014

2014-10-15T13:52:38Z

Emilie Etienne: /* Further Reading */

2014-06-24T00:20:36Z

Fungai Cecilia Sandamu at 20:39, 26 August 2013

2013-08-26T20:39:57Z

Show changes

Lisafeldmann at 15:37, 6 August 2012

2012-08-06T15:37:09Z

Lisafeldmann at 15:35, 6 August 2012

2012-08-06T15:35:43Z

Katharina Wiedemann at 11:39, 3 May 2012

2012-05-03T11:39:13Z

Katharina Wiedemann at 11:37, 3 May 2012

2012-05-03T11:37:27Z

Show changes

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:48, 2 March 2021
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 <br/>
 = Technology-specific Information<br/> =
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 *[[Carbon Markets for Biogas Digesters|Carbon Markets for Biogas Digesters]]
 *[[Carbon Markets for Small Hydro Power|Carbon Markets for Small Hydro Power]]
-*[[Carbon Markets for Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS)|Carbon Funding for cookstoves]]
+*[[Carbon_Funding_for_Cookstoves|Carbon Funding for Cookstoves]]
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 <br/>
 = Further Information =

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-= Overview =
+= Overview<br/> =
 = Carbon Finance through Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Voluntary Carbon Market (VCM)<br/> =
 Financial payments for reducing '''greenhouse gas (GHG''') emissions can be an additional source of funding for energy projects. This so-called carbon finance can be accessed by implementing a project under the requirements of the '''Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)''' of the Kyoto Protocol or for the '''Voluntary Carbon Market (VCM)'''.
 = The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)<br/> =
@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 <u>The CMD has two primary goals:</u>
 #to assist Ennex I countried in achieving their reduction targets and
 #to contribute to sustainable development in the host countries. The criteria for sustainable development are defined by the host country's national authority (the Designated National Authority - DNA).
@@ Line 51: / Line 52: @@
 <u>Small projects qualify as small-scale if they comprise the following:</u>
 *Renewable energy project activities with a maximum output capacity equivalent of up to 15 megawatts (or an appropriate equivalent)
 *Energy efficiency improvement project activities which reduce energy consumption by up to the equivalent of 60 gigawatt hours per year; and
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 <br/>
-{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" style="width: 100%"
+{| style="width: 100%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1"
 |-
 ! scope="col" style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | Project Cycle
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 <br/>
 <br/>
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 <u>For technology-specific information on carbon financing please refer to the following pages:</u>
 *[[Carbon Markets for Photovoltaic (PV) Systems|Carbon Markets for PV Systems]]
 *[[Carbon Markets for Biogas Digesters|Carbon Markets for Biogas Digesters]]
@@ Line 174: / Line 167: @@
 = Further Information =
-*[[Clean_Development_Mechanism_(CDM)|Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)]]
+*[[Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)|Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)]]
 *[[Programme of Activities (PoA)|Programmes of Activities (PoA)]]
 *[http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/pac/index.html CDM Project Activity Cycle]
@@ Line 187: / Line 180: @@
 *[http://en.microsol-int.com/microsol/our-work Analysis of the potential to foster electricity and lighting access in the Andean region, thanks to carbon mechanism] - Microsol and Rexel Foundation, study led from June 2013 to May 2014.<br/>
+<br/>
 = References =
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 <references />
 [[Category:Voluntary_Carbon_Market_(VCM)]]

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-= Carbon Finance through (Clean Development Mechanism) CDM and Voluntary Carbon Market (VCM)<br/> =
+= Overview =
 = The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)<br/> =
@@ Line 9: / Line 17: @@
 <u>The CMD has two primary goals:</u>
+#to assist Ennex I countried in achieving their reduction targets and
-) to assist Ennex I countried in achieving their reduction targets and
+#to contribute to sustainable development in the host countries. The criteria for sustainable development are defined by the host country's national authority (the Designated National Authority - DNA).
 Regarding energy related projects, the follwing activities are - amongst others - typical examples for CDM projects: end-use and supply-side energy efficiency improvement, renewable energy applicatoins, fuel switches, solvent and other product use, waste management and the provision of GHG sinks by afforestation and reforestation activities. Relevant GHGs are Carbon dioxide (C0<sub>2</sub>), which also serves as reference value, Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>), Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>0), Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), Sulphur hexafluoride (SF<sub>6</sub>). Tiny particles like soot and sulfate aerosols are not covered by the Kyoto Protocol, although they do cause global warming. The global warming potential of each gas is measured in CO<sub>2 </sub>equivalents, which describe the global warming potential of each gas over a given time period compared to CO<sub>2</sub>. The calculation of the achieved CO<sub>2</sub> reduction has to follow a methodology accepted by the CDM Executive Board (EB).
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 == General CDM Framework<br/> ==
 The CDM Executive Board supervises the CDM and reports directly to the Conference of the Parties to the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Meeting of the Parties of the Kyoto Protocol. The board is responsible for approving new methodologies related to baselines, to approve monitoring plans, to accredit independent verifiers, review project validation and verification reports, and to issue the '''Certified Emissions Reductions (CERs''') measured in tons of CO<sub>2 </sub>equivalents that are being reduced through the project in comparison to the baseline scenario.
 All countries that wish to participate in the CDM must (a) have ratified the Kyoto Protocol and (b) designate a national CDM authority. The Designated National Authority (DNA) evaluates and approves the projects and serves as a point of contact. It states that the project participants participate voluntarily in the project and confirms that the project activity assists the host country in achieving sustainable development. As each DNA can establish its own working procedures, the project developer should be well informed about the requirements of the national DNA.
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 Small Scale CDM Projects often contribute clearly to the sustainable development aspect of the CDM. But transaction costs associated with developing small-scale projects are high relative to the emissions benefits that may be available. Due to the combination of perceived risk factors and lack of economies of scale, small-scale projects are challenging to transact in the market.
-Small projects qualify as small-scale if they comprise the following:
+<u>Small projects qualify as small-scale if they comprise the following:</u>
 *Renewable energy project activities with a maximum output capacity equivalent of up to 15 megawatts (or an appropriate equivalent)
 *Energy efficiency improvement project activities which reduce energy consumption by up to the equivalent of 60 gigawatt hours per year; and
 *Other project activities limited to those that result in emission reduction of less than or equal to 60 kilotonnes of CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent per year
+{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" style="width: 100%"
 |-
-! scope="col" | Project Cycle
+! scope="col" style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | Project Cycle
-! scope="col" | Description
+! scope="col" style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | Description
-! scope="col" | Estimated Costs
+! scope="col" style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | Estimated Costs
 |-
 ! scope="row" |
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 .000 - 10.000 €
+<br/>
 To be negotiated
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 |}
+<br/>
 <br/>
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 Although VER projects are not necessarily required to go through the project cycle, they should be developed and documented according to CDM rules and procedures, for example, by using the PDD format to develop the project.
-To provide evidence of its effectiveness, it is recommended that the project is validated, particularly as the voluntary offset market has been criticised for its lack of transparency, quality assurance and third-party standards. To address these shortcomings, several Standards have been developed on the Voluntary Carbon Market to ensure reliable emission reductions. Each standard has a slightly different focus, and none has so far managed to establish itself as ''the ''industry standard. A good overview of the Standards has been published by WWF in March 2008 ([http://assets.panda.org/downloads/vcm_report_final.pdf assets.panda.org/downloads/vcm_report_final.pdf]).
+To provide evidence of its effectiveness, it is recommended that the project is validated, particularly as the voluntary offset market has been criticised for its lack of transparency, quality assurance and third-party standards. To address these shortcomings, several Standards have been developed on the Voluntary Carbon Market to ensure reliable emission reductions. Each standard has a slightly different focus, and none has so far managed to establish itself as ''the ''industry standard. A good overview of the Standards has been published by WWF in March 2008 ([http://assets.panda.org/downloads/vcm_report_final.pdf assets.panda.org]).
 It is possible for project developers to try to get into the premium market for small projects with high development benefits. The Gold Standard (GS) Foundation offers a quality label to CDM/JI and voluntary offset projects, fetching premium prices. Only renewable energy and energy efficiency projects with sustainable development benefits are eligible. The Gold Standard is endorsed by over 38 non-governmental organizations worldwide. Under [http://www.cdmgoldstandard.org/ www.cdmgoldstandard.org] the relevant guidance and the PDD formats for the generation of Gold Standard CERs and VERs can be found.
-VER Prices: [http://www.carbonpositive.net/searchnewsarticles.aspx?menu=1&s=1&categoryID=3&subcategoryID=22&results=10 Reports on VER market prices.]
+-> VER Prices: [http://www.carbonpositive.net/searchnewsarticles.aspx?menu=1&s=1&categoryID=3&subcategoryID=22&results=10 Reports on VER market prices.]
 <br/>
@@ Line 156: / Line 162: @@
 = Technology-specific Information<br/> =
-For technology-specific information on carbon financing please refer to the following pages:
+<u>For technology-specific information on carbon financing please refer to the following pages:</u>
 *[[Carbon Markets for Photovoltaic (PV) Systems|Carbon Markets for PV Systems]]
 *[[Carbon Markets for Biogas Digesters|Carbon Markets for Biogas Digesters]]
@@ Line 164: / Line 170: @@
 <br/>
-= Further Reading =
+= Further Information =
 *[[Programme of Activities (PoA)|Programmes of Activities (PoA)]]
 *[http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/pac/index.html CDM Project Activity Cycle]
@@ Line 175: / Line 183: @@
 *[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTCARBONFINANCE/Resources/Carbon_Fund_12-1-09_web.pdf 10 Years of Experience in Carbon Finance] - World Bank's lessons learned in 10 years of Carbon Finance projects
 *[http://cdmpipeline.org/ CDM pipeline] - UNEP Risoe Centre on Energy, Climate and Sustainable Development (URC) - news, statistics, etc.
-*Newsletter CDM Highlights [http://www.gtz.de/climate www.gtz.de/climate]
+*Newsletter CDM Highlights [http://www.gtz.de/climate www.gtz.de - climate]
 *Worldwide news on the carbon market - [http://www.pointcarbon.com www.pointcarbon.com]
 *[http://en.microsol-int.com/microsol/our-work Analysis of the potential to foster electricity and lighting access in the Andean region, thanks to carbon mechanism] - Microsol and Rexel Foundation, study led from June 2013 to May 2014.<br/>
 [[Category:Carbon_Market]]

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 <br/>
 = Further Reading =
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 *[http://wbcarbonfinance.org/docs/State___Trends_of_the_Carbon_Market_2009-FINAL_26_May09.pdf The World Bank: State and Trends of the Carbon Market 2009] (pdf, 656 kB)
 *[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTCARBONFINANCE/Resources/Carbon_Fund_12-1-09_web.pdf 10 Years of Experience in Carbon Finance] - World Bank's lessons learned in 10 years of Carbon Finance projects
 *[http://cdmpipeline.org/ CDM pipeline] - UNEP Risoe Centre on Energy, Climate and Sustainable Development (URC) - news, statistics, etc.
 *Newsletter CDM Highlights [http://www.gtz.de/climate www.gtz.de/climate]
 *Worldwide news on the carbon market - [http://www.pointcarbon.com www.pointcarbon.com]
 [[Category:Voluntary_Carbon_Market_(VCM)]]

@@ Line 158: / Line 158: @@
 For technology-specific information on carbon financing please refer to the following pages:
-*[[Carbon Markets for PV Systems|Carbon Markets for PV Systems]]
+*[[Carbon_Markets_for_Photovoltaic_(PV)_Systems|Carbon Markets for PV Systems]]
 *[[Carbon Markets for Biogas Digesters|Carbon Markets for Biogas Digesters]]
 *[[Carbon Markets for Small Hydro Power|Carbon Markets for Small Hydro&nbsp;Power]]
-*[[Carbon_Markets_for_Improved_Cooking_Stoves_(ICS)|Carbon Funding for cookstoves]]
+*[[Carbon Markets for Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS)|Carbon Funding for cookstoves]]

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 The CDM&nbsp;is one of three felxible mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol; the others being Emissions Trading and Joint Implementation. All these mechanisms aim to achieve GHG reduction in a cost effective manner.&nbsp;While Emissions Trading and Joint Implementation are reserved for countries with binding reduction targets, the CDM&nbsp;allows the participation of countries without targets.&nbsp;Emissions reduction credits that have been achieved through the CDM in a renewable energy or energy effiency prject in a developing country can be sold to a country with commitments listed in Annex I of the Kyoto Procol ([http://unfccc.int/national_reports/annex_i_natcom/submitted_natcom/items/3625.php Annex I Countries]).
 <u>The CMD has two primary goals:</u>
 )&nbsp; to assist Ennex I countried in achieving their reduction targets and
 ) to contribute to sustainable development in the host countries. The criteria for sustainable development are defined by the host country's national authority (the Designated National Authority - DNA).
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 &nbsp;
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 [[Category:Carbon_Market]]
 [[Category:Clean_Development_Mechanism_(CDM)]]
-[[Category:Voluntary_Carbon_Market]]
+[[Category:Voluntary_Carbon_Market_(VCM)]]