View source for Impact of Energy Access on Enterprises



= Overview =

Initially most energy access projects implemented in rural areas of less industrialised countries aimed at domestic use of energy. After realising the potential of access to energy to improve rural sustainability and economic growth, more and more initiatives and projects have emerged that focus on providing energy access for productive use. Furthermore, in poor areas where customers are not able to pay for energy services, it is difficult for energy suppliers to establish feasible operation. Therefore, where subsidies are limited productive use of energy can enhance the viability of energy delivery (Dijk, 2008).<ref name="Dijk, A.L. van, 2008. The power to produce: the role of energy in poverty reduction through small scale enterprises in the Indian Himalayas. ">Dijk, A.L. van, 2008. The power to produce: the role of energy in poverty reduction through small scale enterprises in the Indian Himalayas. </ref>

Nevertheless, to which extent access to modern energies truly impacts poverty reduction and entrepreneurial success remains unclear. Especially in rural areas the evaluation of the effective benefits of energy access is intricate (de Gouvello and Durix, 2008; Dijk, 2008; “Utilising Electricity Access for Poverty Reduction | Practical Action Consulting | Practical Action,” 2015).<ref name="de Gouvello, C., Durix, L., 2008. Maximizing the Productive Uses of Electricity to Increase the Impact of Rural Electrifi cation Programs. ESMAP.">de Gouvello, C., Durix, L., 2008. Maximizing the Productive Uses of Electricity to Increase the Impact of Rural Electrifi cation Programs. ESMAP.</ref><ref name="Dijk, A.L. van, 2008. The power to produce: the role of energy in poverty reduction through small scale enterprises in the Indian Himalayas. ">Dijk, A.L. van, 2008. The power to produce: the role of energy in poverty reduction through small scale enterprises in the Indian Himalayas. </ref><ref name="Utilising Electricity Access for Poverty Reduction | Practical Action Consulting | Practical Action [WWW Document], 2015. URL http://practicalaction.org/utilising (accessed 4.5.16).">Utilising Electricity Access for Poverty Reduction | Practical Action Consulting | Practical Action [WWW Document], 2015. URL http://practicalaction.org/utilising (accessed 4.5.16).</ref> Thus, how and if it affects which sector and which entrepreneurs has yet been difficult to conclude.

This article discusses the link between energy access and productivity and seeks to determine the specific sectors or entrepreneurs that suffer a lot from lack of energy access and would therefore benefit the most from access to energy.



= Energy Access and Productivity =

The general consensus is that access to energy leads to enterprise creation and increased employment. Yet, regarding employee remuneration studies found that male’s wages increased with electricity whereas women’s wages decreased. In addition, research revealed an increase in revenues and profits through longer working hours and better productivity, enabled by improved electricity access. Nonetheless, the impacts observed and measured are mainly small. Interestingly, after electrification pre-existing or newly created firms that do not depend on electricity perform worse than enterprises created after electrification that rely on electricity. Even though many agree on the positive impact of electrification a literature review by Practical Action displayed in Figure 1 produced interesting findings. The papers were examined and categorised by the following criteria: if a positive impact was found, if no significant impact was found, if the impacts found only took place in some circumstances or if the issue of impact of energy access was not analysed at all. &nbsp;(“Utilising Electricity Access for Poverty Reduction | Practical Action Consulting | Practical Action,” 2015).<ref name="Utilising Electricity Access for Poverty Reduction | Practical Action Consulting | Practical Action [WWW Document], 2015. URL http://practicalaction.org/utilising (accessed 4.5.16).">Utilising Electricity Access for Poverty Reduction | Practical Action Consulting | Practical Action [WWW Document], 2015. URL http://practicalaction.org/utilising (accessed 4.5.16).</ref>

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Figure 1: Percentage of papers reporting direct and indirect productive use impacts of electricity (“Utilising Electricity Access for Poverty Reduction | Practical Action Consulting | Practical Action,” 2015).

A direct positive impact of electricity on productivity was found to a lesser extent. In all of the assessed direct and indirect potential impacts, the majority of papers found impacts to be taking place only in some circumstances. These findings suggest that enterprises were not suffering excessively from lack of access to energy before electrification. If they had, more significant developments in business environment and productivity would be expected.

To which extent energy access enables expansion of businesses also depends largely on the demand of products and services. Furthermore, a study carried out in the Indian Himalayas on the role of energy in poverty reduction through small scale enterprises found out that in almost all of the monitored businesses the demand throughout most of the year was below their capacity. Thus, expansion of working hours or acquisition of electrical appliances did not seem needed (Dijk, 2008). Similar observations were made in Tanzania, Bolivia and Vietnam where in several cases saturation of the market occurred after electrification which lead to reduced profits (Kooijman-van Dijk and Clancy, 2010).<ref name="Kooijman-van Dijk, A.L., Clancy, J., 2010. Impacts of Electricity Access to Rural Enterprises in Bolivia, Tanzania and Vietnam. Energy Sustain. Dev. 14, 14–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2009.12.004">Kooijman-van Dijk, A.L., Clancy, J., 2010. Impacts of Electricity Access to Rural Enterprises in Bolivia, Tanzania and Vietnam. Energy Sustain. Dev. 14, 14–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2009.12.004</ref>

Also, sectors were identified where investments in machines and appliances are generally low and the operation scale is restricted by the local market size (e.g. general stores or tailoring), hence energy access did not automatically imply enhanced productivity. Therefore, this finding cannot be generalised and further research is still necessary to fully understand the link between financial starting position of the entrepreneurs, incomes generated from the enterprise and uptake of modern energy appliances.

The study also showed the uptake and different impacts in relation to the assets of the entrepreneurs. It revealed that investments in modern energy and electrical appliances is higher for higher income groups (Dijk, 2008).<ref name="Dijk, A.L. van, 2008. The power to produce: the role of energy in poverty reduction through small scale enterprises in the Indian Himalayas. ">Dijk, A.L. van, 2008. The power to produce: the role of energy in poverty reduction through small scale enterprises in the Indian Himalayas. </ref>

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The above shows the complexity that comes with trying to measure the impact of energy access on productivity. These income-related outcomes of energy access not only depend on electricity but also on a wide range of other factors collectively enabling its productive use (Allderdice and Rogers, 2000; Pueyo et al., 2013).<ref name="Allderdice, A., Rogers, J.H., 2000. Renewable Energy for Microenterprise. Colo. Natl. Renew. Energy Lab.">Allderdice, A., Rogers, J.H., 2000. Renewable Energy for Microenterprise. Colo. Natl. Renew. Energy Lab.</ref><ref name="Pueyo, A., Gonzalez, F., Dent, C., DeMartino, S., 2013. The Evidence of Benefits for Poor People of Increased Access Renewable Electricity Capacity: Literature Review. Brighton Inst. Dev. Stud.">Pueyo, A., Gonzalez, F., Dent, C., DeMartino, S., 2013. The Evidence of Benefits for Poor People of Increased Access Renewable Electricity Capacity: Literature Review. Brighton Inst. Dev. Stud.</ref>


= Entrepreneurs that Profit from Energy Access =

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== Manufacturing sector ==

The availability, quality and cost of producer services are integral for the manufacturing sector. Thus, improvements in service industries such as communication, financial and electricity services boost productivity of manufacturing enterprises, and therefore are a fundamental element of a strategy for reducing poverty and promoting growth (Arnold et al., 2008).<ref name="Arnold, J.M., Mattoo, A., Narciso, G., 2008. Services Inputs and Firm Productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Firm-Level Data. J. Afr. Econ. 17, 578–599. https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejm042">Arnold, J.M., Mattoo, A., Narciso, G., 2008. Services Inputs and Firm Productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Firm-Level Data. J. Afr. Econ. 17, 578–599. https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejm042</ref>


== Agricultural sector ==

In less industrialised countries agriculture is one of the primary economic activities. Access to energy provides possibilities to increase productivity of several agricultural tasks (Etcheverry, 2003). The drudgery with physical labour and animal power can be diminished through energy access. For example in Uganda where human power makes up 90% of all energy used in agriculture, animal power amounts to about 8% and fossil fuels contribute about 2% (Turyareeba, 2001). Kirubi et al. further explain how access to electricity plays an important role to better exploitation of the local agricultural potential. Before farmers cultivated their land solely manually. With electricity access, electrical welding services for repairing tractors became locally available thus allowing more and more people to bring and rent tractors to farmers. Also, local farmers and traders struggle with the storage of perishable farm products such as meat and milk. Electricity enables them to store farm produce as well as other consumer goods such as soft and alcoholic drinks (Kirubi et al., 2009). Other agricultural uses of electricity are e.g. tea processing, grain milling or water pumping. Interestingly, in wealthier villages access to electricity is used for a variety of income generating activities, whereas in poorer villages it is mainly used for agro-processing (Kooijman-van Dijk and Clancy, 2010).

On the other hand, a literature review on this matter found other studies that claimed there was no substantial impact of access to electricity on agricultural productivity since e.g. irrigation could also be realized with mechanically powered or diesel pumps. (“Utilising Electricity Access for Poverty Reduction | Practical Action Consulting | Practical Action,” 2015).

== Home businesses ==

The impact of energy access is greater for home businesses than for medium and large enterprises. An analysis of data from 1988 to 2003 by the World Bank’s IEG showed that the number of small home enterprises - such as renting out refrigerator space - increased significantly more in communities that became electrified in comparison to other communities that were already or were never electrified. Further, electrification enables home businesses to extend their working hours thus, increasing their net income (World Bank, 2008).

== Micro enterprises ==

Concerning the business of carpenters and tailors, a study in Kenya found that energy access resulted in a 100-200% increase of production depending on the task at hand (Figure 2 and Figure 3). The access to electricity allowed the entrepreneurs to acquire and use electric tools as opposed to manual labour, thus enabling them to step up productivity.

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Figure 2. Impact of electricity on carpentry enterprises in Mpeketoni, Kenya (Kirubi et al., 2009).

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Figure 3. Impact of electricity on tailoring enterprises in Mpeketoni, Kenya(Kirubi et al., 2009).

Consequently, a boost in income levels of 20-70% depending on the product manufactured was observed (Kirubi et al., 2009). Yet, the small sample size of 5 and 12 artisans makes the findings questionable.

== Enabling environment ==

Access to energy also impacts the local banking and communication services as a study in Kenya showed. The local bank and several private shops were found using electronic equipment (e.g. computers, printers, and photocopiers), hence improving the enabling environment for business service delivery (Kirubi et al., 2009).

Arnold et al. specifically examined the relationship of access to reliable services inputs and the productivity of African manufacturing firms. The analysed service sectors were banking, telecommunications and electricity distribution. The study revealed a significant and positive correlation between service performance and firm productivity. Regarding electricity, inadequate provision of power can disturb the production processes and cause productive assets to be unusable and inoperative, thus decreasing productivity (Arnold et al., 2008).

= Conclusion =

Regarding microenterprises the significant criteria implying a positive impact of energy access is if electrical appliances are a requirement in this sector and how strong the local demand is. If there is no need for electrical appliances electrification does not have a meaningful impact on the productivity of this specific sector. Also, as long as the demand remains the same, additional working hours and increased output are pointless.

Medium and larger enterprises may have the possibility to import physical inputs from other countries; however, these enterprises heavily rely on the state of locally produced services such as electricity, financial services and communications. Whereby, the establishment of financial services and communications requires improved and reliable electrification.

Generally home businesses seem to benefit the most from access to modern energies.

The majority of studies touching this topic of the relationship of energy access and productive use and poverty reduction mainly focusses on the outcomes and the post-electrification scenario. Precise observations and comparisons of before and after situations is lacking. Further research on the improvements and changes after electrification for specific sectors and entrepreneurs is needed in order to judge how much different sectors suffer from lack of energy access. Questions such as: “Which entrepreneurs suffer the most or the least from lack of energy access?” remain unanswered.

Nonetheless, the following table gives an overview with examples of businesses that suffer a lot and those who do not suffer as much from lack of energy. The examples are categorised into being impacted by energy access in a positive, non-significant or a negative way (but are displayed in no particular order).

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= Further information =

[[Category:Productive_Use|Productive Use Portal]]<br/>[[Productive_Use_of_Energy_for_Rural_Development|Productive Use of Energy for Rural Development]]<br/>[[Productive_Use_of_Energy_-_Approaches_of_GIZ_Projects|Productive Use of Energy - Approaches of GIZ Projects]]<br/>[[Productive_Use_of_Electricity|Productive Use of Electricity]]<br/>[https://practicalaction.org/utilising Utilising Electricity Access for Poverty Reduction]


= References =

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